Biotic Stress and Yield Loss

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57. Richardson, A. J., Wiegand, C. L., Arkin, G. F., Nixon, P. R., and Gerbermann, A. H.,Remotely-sensed spectral indicators of sorghum development and their use in growthmodeling, Agric. Meteorol., 26, 11, 1982.58. Wiegand, C. L., and Richardson, A. J., Leaf area, light interception, and yield estimatesfrom spectral components analysis, Agron. J., 76, 543, 1984.59. Maas, S. J., Using satellite data to improve model estimates of crop yield, Agron. J., 80,655, 1988.60. Gallo, K. P., and Daughtry, C. S. T., Techniques for measuring intercepted and absorbedphotosynthetically active radiation in corn canopies, Agron. J., 78, 752, 1986.61. Wiegand, C. L., and Richardson, A. J., Use of spectral vegetation indices to infer leaf area,evapotranspiration and yield, Agron. J., 82, 630, 1990.62. Nilsson, H. E., Remote sensing and image analysis in plant pathology, epidemiology, croploss assessment, phytopathometry, Can. J. Plant Pathol., 17, 154, 1995.63. Nutter, F. W., Jr., and Gaunt, R. E., Recent developments in methods for assessing diseaselosses in forage/pasture crops, in Pasture and Forage Crop Pathology, Chakraborty, S.,Leath, K. T., Skipp R. A., Pederson, G. A., Bray, R. A., Latch, C. M., and Nutter, F. W., Jr.,Eds., Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, Crop ScienceSociety of America, Madison, WI, 1996, 93.64. Nilsson, H., and Johnsson, L., Hand-held radiometry of barley infected by barley stripedisease in a field experiment, J. Plant Dis. Prot., 103, 517, 1996.65. Nutter, F. W., Jr., Detection and measurement of plant disease gradients in peanut using amultispectral radiometer, Phytopathology, 79, 814, 1989.66. Dudka, M., Langton, S., Shuler, R., Kurle, J., and Grau, C. R., Use of digital imagery toevaluate disease incidence and yield loss caused by Sclerotinia stem rot of soybeans, inProceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Precision Agriculture, Robert, P.C., Rust, R. H., and Larson, W. E., Eds., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI,1549, 1998.67. Goudriaan, J., and Monteith, J. L., A mathematical function for crop growth based on lightinterception and leaf area expansion, Ann. Bot., 66, 695, 1990.68. Gaunt, R. E., and Bryson, R. J., Plant and crop yield potential and response to disease,Aspects Appl. Biol., 42, 1, 1995.
12Quantifying Crop YieldResponse to WeedPopulations: Applicationsand LimitationsJohn L. Lindquist and Stevan Z. KnezevicCONTENTS12.1 Introduction12.2 Concepts from Population Biology12.2.1 Density-independent Growth12.2.2 Density-dependent Growth12.3 Yield-density Relationships12.4 Quantifying Interference Effects12.5 Use of Crop–Weed Interference Relationships forMaking Weed Management Decisions12.6 Limitations of Empirical Crop–WeedInterference Data for Decision Making12.6.1 Seeds Produced by Unmanaged Weeds12.6.2 Effects of Management onWeed Competitiveness and Seed Production12.6.3 Effects of Multiple Weed Species12.6.4 Instability of Crop–Weed Interference Relationships12.6.5 Field Scouting to Determine Weed Densities12.6.6 Variation in Spatial Distribution of Weeds12.7 SummaryReferences12.1 INTRODUCTIONLosses in crop yield and quality from the interactions between weeds and crops providethe basis for modern weed management. 1 Crop producers have relied upon herbicidessince the early 1950s as the primary method for controlling weeds because
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Biotic Stressand Yield Loss
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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PrefaceThe idea for this book came
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EditorsRobert K. D. Peterson, Ph.D.
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ContentsChapter 1Illuminating the B
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1Illuminating the Black Box:The Rel
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increase plant tolerance, through p
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the action of a stressor on a plant
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The magnitude and duration of injur
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Plant part injuredrefers to the pla
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cific competition, while agricultur
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2Yield Loss and PestManagementLeon
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direct relationships between the ac
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In keeping with the theme of this b
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egressions. Actually, the title “
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REFERENCES1. Teng, P. S., Crop Loss
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3Techniques for EvaluatingYield Los
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number of species and stage of cutw
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especially if buried in soil, can d
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elationships for some pests. When m
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injury can be precisely controlled
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day. 81, 99 However, except for an
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the literature most likely are actu
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20. Ba-Angood, S. A., and Stewart,
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60. Stewart, J. G., McRae, K. B., a
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99. Shields, E. J., and Wyman, J. A
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4.3.3.1.3 Third generation European
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ing on the developmental stage at t
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4.2.2.1.2 Temperature stressPlant s
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chronic injury. Acute injury result
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ows, roadsides, or small grain fiel
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numbers are present. Stink bugs, Eu
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Oligonychus pratensis, feed on corn
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ECB2. 224.3.3.1.4 The impacts of Eu
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stalk borer, Papaipema nebris, is a
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period prolonged with sufficient co
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Arthropod injuries to developing ea
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esponses to herbivory have been obs
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Midwest, Purdue University CES and
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59. Bailey, W. C., and Pedigo, L. P
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5Phenological Disruptionand Yield L
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ity by animal consumers is the agro
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ously, structural components (e.g.,
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FIGURE 5.2 Generalized alfalfa grow
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601, 1972.9. Gordon, C. H., Derbysh
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do we know about how biotic stresso
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ing both large and small leaf veins
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population. Whole plants may respon
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temporally and spatially, are more
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some systems have allowed for a tra
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injury guilds would center on the f
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apple leaves, HortScience, 19, 815,
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7The Influence of Cultivarand Plant
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unit ground area, and it indicates
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without considering plant architect
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photosynthesis. Regardless of the n
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light interception. 45 Skeletonizin
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Light interception, which intrinsic
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var. Consequently, use of a single
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19. Jarosik, V., Phytoseiulus persi
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62. Caviness, C. E., Registration o
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8Drought Stress, Insects,and Yield
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humidity. Because the relative humi
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temperature and precipitation. Prop
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compared to well watered soybeans.
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Changes in plant hormones, such as
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plays a key role in promoting plant
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In soybeans, a leaf area index (LAI
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15. Schulze, E. D., Water and nutri
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52. Meyer W. S., and Walker, S., Le
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9The Impact of Herbivoryon Plants:
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conditions of stress are themselves
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are common, defenses to avoid herbi
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plant tissue, resulting in gall for
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found on cucumbers in polycultures
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compensatory response. Also, more v
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Costa Rica, and there are several g
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ivory from white cabbage butterfly
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made, while larger vertebrate herbi
Page 160 and 161: important consequences to plant fit
Page 162 and 163: de Entomol., 38, 421, 1994.32. Kare
Page 164 and 165: chlorophyll content in spider mite
Page 166 and 167: 114. Karban, R., and Strauss, S.Y.,
Page 168 and 169: 10Stephen C. WelterCONTENTSContrast
Page 170 and 171: Although literature is drawn from a
Page 172 and 173: and wheat acres receiving some type
Page 174 and 175: pattern to be true. 109 Because rel
Page 176 and 177: used in the experiment influenced t
Page 178 and 179: artificially elevated nitrogen leve
Page 180 and 181: annual, landrace cultivars, or mode
Page 182 and 183: settings are coupled with genotype
Page 184 and 185: 10. Kennedy, G. G., and Barbour, J.
Page 186 and 187: 53. Panda, N., and Heinrichs, E. A.
Page 188 and 189: 97. Gross, K. L., and Soule, J. D.,
Page 190 and 191: 143. Davidson, J. L., and Milthorpe
Page 192 and 193: 11Crop Disease andYield LossBrian D
Page 194 and 195: The conditions listed above are opt
Page 196 and 197: to associate the effects of disease
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Page 200 and 201: Biomassproduction(total dryweight)R
Page 202 and 203: Y RUE(t)RI(t)[1 X]dt [11.12]wher
Page 204 and 205: sue. The most accurate prediction o
Page 206 and 207: tion. Two weeks before harvest, the
Page 208 and 209: 15. Spitters, C. J. T., Van Roermun
Page 212 and 213: they were cheap, convenient, and ef
Page 214 and 215: dW / W dtcauses and consequences of
Page 216 and 217: (a)(b)Maize yield (Mg ha -1 )987654
Page 218 and 219: Recall that c is a constant, so by
Page 220 and 221: where the subscripts c and w repres
Page 222 and 223: 0.6Fraction yield loss0.40.2Eq. 16,
Page 224 and 225: the leaf area index (LAI). Incorpor
Page 226 and 227: can no longer be tolerated and, the
Page 228 and 229: cide. Steckel et al. 68 showed that
Page 230 and 231: A eq ∑ jN eq,ji 1YL n,j [12.31]1
Page 232 and 233: samples per field. Thomas 85 sugges
Page 234 and 235: external factors such as annual wea
Page 236 and 237: 38. Boznic, A. C., and Swanton, C.
Page 238 and 239: weeds, Weed Sci., 44, 856, 1996.79.
Page 240 and 241: competition and weed management. 3-
Page 242 and 243: per unit biomass (1/W i)(dW i/dt) o
Page 244 and 245: of light interception). Algorithms
Page 246 and 247: where G a,iis the water limited pla
Page 248 and 249: 13.4 COMPETITION FOR SOIL NITROGENA
Page 250 and 251: As with soil water, Equations 13.10
Page 252 and 253: partitioning of nitrogen to leaves.
Page 254 and 255: and stems to optimize photosyntheti
Page 256 and 257: influence of enhanced UV-B conditio
Page 258 and 259: Systems Approaches at the Field Lev
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