National Human Development Report: 2001 - Indira Gandhi Institute ...

98SOME OTHER ASPECTS OF WELL-BEINGNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2001Migration from rural to urban areas also encourages child employment.With growing population, small or no agricultural holdings, mechanisationof agriculture operations and in general the limitation of agriculture sector toabsorb the growing labour force productively, a large number of farm workers(who are unemployed or underemployed) are forced to migrate to cities. Themigration is more visible from the areas of dry land farming, when droughtsand failure of crops reduce work opportunities on the farms. Most of theseworkers are engaged in low paid work in urban informal sector, particularlyin construction and other unskilled activities. Given the unfamiliarenvironment and deprivation, children of these migrant families often endup in the work force as rag pickers and domestic helps. There are manystudies that provide evidence of wide spread ill health, including incidenceof tuberculosis, bacterial and parasitic diseases, among children engaged inurban waste picking.The quantitative analysis undertaken for this Report indicates thatStates where income/consumption levels are lower, that have greaterprevalence of poverty-whether measured in terms of HPI or head count ratioand/orwhere adult literacy rates are lower, are generally, the States withhigher incidence of child labour and ‘no where children’.Policies and InterventionsThe policy framework and the resulting interventions for addressing theissue of child labour, in most States, ranges between what could be termed asthe ‘preventive approach’, involving suitable legal interventions — forchecking and regulating the entry of children in the labour market — on onehand, and the ‘facilitative public interventions’ for creating an environment,particularly economic, for encouraging withdrawal of children from thelabour market, on the other. The basic objective has been to createconducive social and economic atmosphere for discouraging the entry ofchildren in the target age group of 5-14 years in the labour market. At thesame time, States have taken recourse to publicly funded programmes thatare aimed at improving accessibility and enrolment of children in schools, forinstance, by providing mid-day nutrition supplements to school children orthere are policies for regulating (i.e. mostly increasing) wage rates for adultsCorrelates* of Child Labour — Including ‘No Where Children’Variables 1981 1991Child Labour Broad Rural Urban Total Rural Urban TotalAdult Literacy -0.91 -0.89 -0.93 -0.85 -0.75 -0.85Female Adult Literacy -0.84 -0.89 -0.91 -0.81 -0.75 -0.83Net State Domestic Product -0.63 -0.50 -0.67 -0.52 -0.39 -0.56Average Consumption -0.63 -0.69 -0.72 -0.63 -0.46 -0.58Gini Adjusted Consumption -0.62 -0.62 -0.68 -0.57 -0.52 -0.58Human Poverty Index 0.83 0.69 0.85 0.77 0.79 0.80Head Count Poverty Ratio 0.28 -0.41 0.26 0.40 0.25 0.52Source* Correlation Coefficients are from Sachdeva, Malhotra & Murthy (2001)