National Human Development Report: 2001 - Indira Gandhi Institute ...

22STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENTNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2001Uttar Pradesh1980s1990sCombinedRuralUrbanPer CapitaExpenditurePer CapitaExpenditurePer CapitaExpenditureIMR5.0PovertyIMR5.0PovertyIMR5.0Poverty2.52.52.5LifeExp.0SafeWaterLifeExp.0SafeWaterLifeExp.0SafeWaterFormalEducationPuccaHouseFormalEducationPuccaHouseFormalEducationPuccaHouseLiteracyLiteracyLiteracyKerala, particularly in rural areas, people access water mostly from privatewells, that have been a source of safe water for many generations.In case of Madhya Pradesh, the rural-urban disparities on all humandevelopment indicators considered in the development radar are quite stark.For rural Madhya Pradesh, the attainment levels are comparable with thoseof rural Bihar in the eighties, as well as in the nineties. In case of urban areas,during this period, there has been little progress in respect of most indicators,except in the coverage of formal education.Maharashtra’s performance on the lower quadrant social indicatorscapturing longevity, education and amenities is much better than onindicators like the IMR, consumption expenditure levels and poverty. Whilerural Maharashtra shows significant improvement in accessibility to safe waterand formal education, in case of urban areas the progress is only gradual.In the North Eastern States of Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,Nagaland, Tripura and in Sikkim, the attainments on shelter andaccessibility to safe water are relatively poor and not much progress seems tohave taken place in the period for which the radar has been presented. Thisis also, by and large, true of their urban areas except in case of Sikkim. UrbanSikkim has recorded significant progress during the decade on almost allindicators. Like Assam, the access of the population to pucca houses is,perhaps, not appropriately reflected on account of the definition adopted bythe Census.West Bengal1980s1990sCombinedRuralUrbanPer CapitaExpenditurePer CapitaExpenditurePer CapitaExpenditureIMR5.0PovertyIMR5.0PovertyIMR5.0Poverty2.52.52.5LifeExp.0SafeWaterLifeExp.0SafeWaterLifeExp.0SafeWaterFormalEducationPuccaHouseFormalEducationPuccaHouseFormalEducationPuccaHouseLiteracyLiteracyLiteracy