National Human Development Report: 2001 - Indira Gandhi Institute ...

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NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2001 HEALTH ATTAINMENTS & DEMOGRAPHIC CONCERNS 81For the Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and the rest of the population itwas 922, 972 and 923 females for every thousand males, respectively, asagainst the overall sex ratio of 927 for the country in 1991. As per oneestimate it amounts to nearly 31.8 million ‘missing females’ in the country, ifthe observed Sex ratio for 1991 was closer to the expected sex ratio.Before one looks at factors that explain prevailing patterns in sex ratioin the country, it is quite instructive to look at juvenile sex ratios, i.e. sexratio in the age group 0-9 years. The juvenile sex ratios are free from sexselective migration and can be directly associated with pattern of mortalityamong children by sex. An improvement in the sex ratio in age group 5-9years vis-à-vis the sex ratio in 0-4 years in favour of females, would be inkeeping with expected biological trends. On other hand, a reduction in thisratio would imply higher female mortality in comparison to males, indicatingdiscrimination against girl child in availability and access to food, nutrition,health care and, perhaps, even medical support services.Between the population Census of 1981 and 1991, juvenile sex ratiodeclined from 958 to 946. The decline was in age groups 0-4 years, as well asin 5-9 years. At the national level, difference between rural and urban areaswas marginal, although it widened somewhat in 1991 in comparison to 1981.The ratio was more favourable for females in age group 0-4 years than thatprevailing in age group 5-9 years for both the Census years. However, theinter-State variations were quite striking. The sex ratio was relatively morefavourable for females in Southern, Northeastern and Eastern States and wasparticularly adverse in the States of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, UttarPradesh and Delhi. For a majority of States both in rural and urban areas, thesex ratio was lower in age group 5-9 years than in age group 0-4 years thoughthe differences declined over the period. The preliminary results from Census2001 for sex ratio in age group 0-6 years was 927 females for thousand males,with a similar pattern at State level.Among the factors that explain these patterns in the sex ratios, itturns out that while female mortality was 10.5 per cent higher than malemortality in the age group 0-4 years, it was higher by 19 per cent in the agegroup 5-9 years in 1981. These differences in female and male age specificmortality were much higher for rural areas than for urban. In 1991, mortalitydifferences narrowed down considerably, to the extent that male mortalitymarginally exceeded female mortality in urban areas for age group 5-9 years.There are, however, wide differences in the female-male mortality at Statelevel. For a few States, namely, Bihar, Haryana (in 1981), Madhya Pradesh,Punjab (in 1991), Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh the female mortality washigher than the male for both age groups.Another factor that has a bearing on female to male ratio in thepopulation is the sex ratio at birth. The world over, proportion of maleSex Ratios in the Age Groups 0-4 and 5-9 years(Females per Thousand Males)Age Group 1981 1991Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total0-4 979 973 978 959 943 9555-9 941 942 941 937 939 9380-9 959 957 958 948 940 946Source Estimated from Registrar General of India (1999)
82HEALTH ATTAINMENTS & DEMOGRAPHIC CONCERNSNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2001Variations in Sex Ratio in Age Groups 0-4, 5-9 for 1981 and 1991Sex Ratio in age group5-9 greater than SexRatio in age group 0-4Sex Ratio age group 5-9not significantlydifferent than Sex RatioSex Ratio in age group 5-9 less than SexRatio in age group 0-41981(Rural)Karnataka, Maharashtra,Sikkim, Pondicherry.in age group 0-4Goa, Kerala, Mizoram,Orissa, Tamil NaduAndhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar,Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya,Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,Tripura, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Is.,Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Delhi andLakshadweep.1981(Urban)Himachal Pradesh,Karnataka, Mizoram,Dadra and Nagar Haveli.Kerala, PondicherryAndhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Goa,Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, MadhyaPradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya,Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim,Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal,Andaman & Nicobar Is., Chandigarh, Delhi andLakshadweep.1981(Combined)Karnataka, Maharashtra,Sikkim, Pondicherry.Goa, Kerala, Mizoram,Orissa, Tamil NaduAndhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar,Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya,Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,Tripura, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Is.,Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Delhi andLakshadweep.1991(Rural)Goa, Himachal Pradesh,Karnataka, Kerala,Mizoram, Punjab, Sikkim,Tamil Nadu, Andaman &Nicobar Is.Andhra Pradesh, Assam,Gujarat, Maharashtra,Orissa, Tripura, WestBengal, Daman & Diu,PondicherryArunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, MadhyaPradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland,Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chandigarh, Dadra &Nagar Haveli, Delhi and Lakshadweep.1991(Urban)Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka,Manipur, Meghalaya,Mizoram, Punjab, Sikkim,Tamil Nadu, Andaman &Nicobar Is.Andhra Pradesh, HimachalPradesh, Kerala, MadhyaPradesh, Maharashtra,ChandigarhArunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana,Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tripura, UttarPradesh, West Bengal, Dadra & Nagar Haveli,Daman & Diu, Delhi, Lakshadweep Pondicherry.1991(Combined)Goa, Himachal Pradesh,Karnataka, Kerala, TamilNadu, Manipur, Mizoram,Punjab, Sikkim, Andaman& Nicobar Is.Andhra Pradesh, Assam,Gujarat, Maharashtra,Meghalaya, Orissa, Tripura,Dadra & Nagar HaveliArunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Nagaland,Orissa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, WestBengal, Daman & Diu, Delhi, Lakshadweep,Pondicherry.children at birth is more than that of female. The sex ratio at birth varies onan average between 943 to 952 females for every thousand males. It tends toprogressively become favourable for females on account of higher mortalityfor males. In India, however, the sex ratio at birth has generally remained inthe range of 900-910 females for every thousand males in 1980s, declining to878 in 1993-95, improving marginally thereafter to 901 in 1996-98. At subnationallevel, for Southern States, it is by and large, in line with prevailing
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indiaLong years ago we made a tryst
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NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
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iiFOREWORDNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMEN
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ivCONTENTSNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMEN
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2OVERVIEW NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMEN
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4OVERVIEWNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
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6OVERVIEWNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
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8STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NATIONA
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10STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENTNATIONA
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Page 37 and 38: 30STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENTNATIONA
Page 39 and 40: 32ECONOMIC ATTAINMENTS AND WELL-BEI
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Page 71 and 72: 64HEALTH ATTAINMENTS & DEMOGRAPHIC
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Page 97 and 98: 90SOME OTHER ASPECTS OF WELL-BEING
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Page 121 and 122: 114GOVERNANCE FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
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132TECHNICAL APPENDIXNATIONAL HUMAN
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134BIBLIOGRAPHYNATIONAL HUMAN DEVEL
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136BIBLIOGRAPHYNATIONAL HUMAN DEVEL
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138GLOSSARYNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPME
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140THE STATE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENTNA
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146INDICATORS ON ECONOMIC ATTAINMEN
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