National Human Development Report: 2001 - Indira Gandhi Institute ...

54EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS AND WELL-BEINGNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2001Age Specific Enrollment Ratio(Percentage)70656055504540357570656055504540Gender Gap1981 1991Rural-Urban Gap1981 1991BoysChildrenGirlsUrbanCombinedRuralwhile analysing enrolment of children in schools. Among the morecommonly used measures, gross enrolment ratio, age-specific enrolment ratio,net enrolment ratio, dropout rates and school attendance rates, are relevantfor capturing the flow aspect of the educational attainment of the population.Gross Enrolment Ratio refers to enrolment at a specified level ofschooling, irrespective of the age of student enrolled, to the population ofchildren in the age group expected to be at that level of schooling as perprevalent norms on school enrolments. Thus, for instance, gross enrolmentratio at primary school level, i.e. for classes I to V, would be the percentageof children in classes I to V to total number of children in age group 6 to 11years. This ratio is indicative of the general level of participation at a givenschool level. It captures, to some extent, accessibility and capacity of theeducation system to enroll students. The ratio, often, exceeds 100 per centdue to inclusion of over-age, under-age, as well as repeat students for theconcerned class.The gross enrolment ratio in classes I-V was 94.9 per cent in 1999-2000 as per the Annual Report of the Ministry of Human ResourceDevelopment. In case of many States this ratio exceeded 100 per cent, moreso in case of boys. It declined to 58.8 per cent for children in classes VI-VIII.A lower ratio in the latter years as compared to earlier years is not only onaccount of lower enrolments or higher drop out rates but possibly also onaccount of there being a large number of students in age group other than 6-11 years in classes I-V and at the same time there being a greater proportionof students of the specified age group in classes VI-VIII.Age Specific Enrolment Ratio refers to percentage of childrenenrolled in a particular age group, irrespective of the level/class of enrolment,to the total population of children in that age group. Like gross enrolmentrate, a higher ratio on this measure implies a higher educationalparticipation. However, it suffers from a limitation that it does not give theschooling level/class at which the students are enrolled.The age-specific enrolment ratio for age group 6-14 years registered anincrease from 48.3 per cent in 1981 to 55.3 per cent in 1991 as per theCensus figures. For rural areas, it increased from 42.2 to 49.9 per cent whilefor urban areas the corresponding ratios were 69.7 and 72 per centrespectively. The ratio for boys increased from 58 per cent in 1981 to 62.1 percent in 1991. For girls, the ratio increased from 37.8 per cent in 1981 to 47.9per cent in 1991. Thus, the rural-urban gap, as well as gender gap declinedduring the period 1981 to 1991. A break up of age group 6-14 years into 6-10 years and 11-14 years shows that age-specific enrolment ratio issignificantly lower in age group 6-10 years than in age group 11-14 years in1991, as well as in 1981. Much of this difference in age-specific enrolmentbetween the two age groups disappears, if one drops enrolment ratio ofchildren at age 6 years, which is considerably lower vis-à-vis other age groupsin both rural and urban areas. At State level, age-specific enrolment ratio inage group 6-14 years was low at close to 40 per cent in Bihar, Rajasthan andUttar Pradesh and was over 70 per cent in Kerala, Himachal Pradesh andMaharashtra, as well as in a number of smaller States and Union Territories.The ratio was lower in rural areas, more so for girls, and with large inter-Statedifferences. In urban areas, the inter-State differences, as well as genderdifferences were much lower.There are some other sources of data on age-specific enrolment ratios.According to the All-India Educational Surveys conducted by the National