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ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY, AND HEALTHOptimization of water consumptionProduction facilities have the highest water consumption; some of thewater is used to maintain reservoir pressure. Oil-producing organisationshave carried out significant renovations at facilities that receiveand treat produced water, and this has increased produced water asa share of total water consumption for maintaining reservoir pressure.Water consumption in refining has remained stable in general. The useof water in the Company, both for production and refining, is significantlylower than the average across the Russian oil industry.The reduction of oil consumption in production has allowed theCompany as a whole to end 2004 with a somewhat lower consumptionlevel than it had in 2000–2001 despite its growing production volumein all categories of its operations.Atmospheric emissionsThe total atmospheric emissions from LUKOIL enterprises are mostlyattributable to emissions during production (around 75–80%), andtherefore this indicator changes in step with the use of casinghead gasand increases in oil production. The bulk of these emissions are in theform of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The Company strives toincrease the use of casinghead gas even though that usually requirescoordinating efforts with gas refineries and gas consumers. Thus,a reduction in the use of casinghead gas to 74.9% in 2002 was causedby the lack of access to the gas transportation infrastructure. However,by 2008 the Company aims at utilizing 87% of casinghead gas.The Company does not use ozone-depleting substances in its operations(including industrial refrigeration units).The Company has been successful in reducing emissions per tonof refined oil. Despite growth in refining volume and the introductionof advanced refining facilities in recent years, there was not only noincrease in gross emissions, but emissions were actually somewhatreduced. On the whole, emission figures at production and refiningenterprises of the Company are significantly lower than the averageacross Russia (by 40–45%).79