Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar

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? , This cab, who ordered it? , So this builder, I see that he ripped you offIsraelispellingThis is particularly common in sentences of ‘having’ and ‘containing’:besides: The farm manager has many enemiesit is equally common to say or write: The farm manager has (lit. he has) many enemiesSimilarly: This chapter has (lit. there are in it) ten sections108 Israeli spellingFor students writing Hebrew or using any kind of dictionary, the habits ofIsraeli spelling are a severe headache.In a nutshell, Hebrew writers followed two separate spelling standardsuntil the nineteenth century. Biblical Hebrew had been sparing in its useof vowel letters, hence it has more commonly than ,rather than and so on, though there were no hard and fast rules.This was the ongoing practice of Hebrew poets. By contrast, post-BiblicalHebrew made very full use of vowel letters, and this practice was followedby most prose writers and copyists through the ages.Came the nineteenth century, and many Maskilim (‘modern-minded’intellectuals) insisted on reverting to Biblical spelling, especially teachers.And when the quasi-official Vaad Halashon determined the spelling rulesfor schools in Eretz Yisrael early in the twentieth century, it actuallyinsisted on Biblical spelling even where no nikkud was being used: rather than , rather than , rather than .165
Level TwoThis is still the practice of many dictionaries. But the adult public, andmany publishers and newspapers, went on spelling with full vowel lettersas they always had. There were thus two spelling systems in simultaneoususe.After the State was established, the Hebrew Language Academy inJerusalem tried to simplify things, but no one paid much attention. Finallyin 1970, its journal Leshonenu La’am published the Academy’s full officialrules for spelling native Hebrew words (without nikkud).These rules have some official force, and some newer dictionaries haveadopted them, but the public and press still cling to old habits.These rules are worth knowing, as a firm basis. They are rather complex,and are best explained by an experienced teacher. Here they are in anutshell:1 All ‘u’ sounds are to be written as , thus: , , ,2 The ‘cholam’ is to be written as , thus: , , , ,Exceptions: (construct), , , , , , , , , 3 Most ‘i’ sounds in an open syllable are to be written with , thus:,(+) , , ,( +) , , , , ,Do not use for ‘i’ in a closed syllable: ,( ) , , , ,4 When is ‘y’, it is best written as a single at the beginning of theword: , , and as a double elsewhere: , , .Exceptions:166Use a single next to another vowel letter (as in ) and in nounsof the pattern , .
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Modern HebrewAn Essential GrammarTh
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Modern HebrewAn Essential GrammarTh
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ContentsPrefaceGlossaryHebrew gramm
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20 The present tense 35(a) Form of
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Contents ‘grow’ 10458 PA’AL
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Contents91-6 Adverbials91 Adverbs o
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PrefaceThus the exercises in this b
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GlossaryxviAction nouns indicate an
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GlossaryPrefixes are bits prefixed
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Level One
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Level OneFem. sing. Our Sara is t
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Level OneThe feminine plural pronou
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Level OneThere are some exceptions:
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Level OneWhen the vowel a becomes t
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Level One ~ evening ~ part ~ r
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Level OneExample: ‘good’Fem. s
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Level OneFurther examples: right
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Level OneA few quantity words follo
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Level One an empty tank an empty
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Level OneMasc. sing.Fem. sing.Masc.
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Level OneMasculine numerals 1-10 '
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Level One1 For ‘21, 31’, etc.
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Level Onec Adjectives without their
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Level OneThe full list is as follow
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Level OneFor words that already hav
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Level One19 The past tensea Form of
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Level OneAnd using the verb ‘get
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Level OneIn practice, confusion bet
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Level One take! run! put! get d
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Level OneThere is a variety of such
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Level One6 For an ADJECTIVE there i
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Level OneNotes:1 The suffixes consi
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Level OneNote: The traditional name
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Level OneNotes:1 In the past tense,
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Level OnePresent The vowel in
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Level One30-2 THE PASSIVE BINYANIM:
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Level OneNotes:1 Some omit the lett
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Level OnePU’AL, like the other pa
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Level One Take the meat Take the
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Level Onea Preposition + suffix: ,
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Level Oned Preposition + suffix:
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Level OneAdjustment (b)If the next
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Level One37L Ñ ‘there is, there
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Level One39 Questionsa Questions of
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Level OneBy contrast,rather than a
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Level OneIn fact, Hebrew commonly h
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Level One48 Adverbial clauses: Ìk
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Level OneFor hypothetical ‘like
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50-9 SPECIAL ROOT-TYPES ' rootsMany
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2 In most cases where there is no s
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Future , , , , , ,Roots with
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* This particular form needs no adj
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4 A peculiar adjustment, more commo
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a Usually soft , , directly followi
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Most such roots repeat the same two
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For example, ‘sit’: ' rootsPa
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Further examples:Maverickverbs
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5 ‘walk up to’, another law u
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has the infinitive infinitive for
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a verbs verbs behave just like oth
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Future , , , , , , ,Infinitive
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59 A minor binyan: the PO’EL and
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Examples:More pluralsof nouns ears
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Many nouns ending in take the end
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e i and a i apply to some twenty
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Page 138 and 139: The noun pattern PA’ALAN (verbs o
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Page 142 and 143: 13 The suffix : simply an object
Page 144 and 145: law (cf. legislate) garden (cf.
Page 146 and 147: Where the noun ends in , this may o
Page 148 and 149: (a)(b)(c) ‘legible’ ( ‘rea
Page 150 and 151: Similarly, many adjectives of the
Page 152 and 153: With singular nounsWe first illustr
Page 154 and 155: 1 To describe someone’s or someth
Page 156 and 157: a The / type (initial )Constructseg
Page 158 and 159: 1 Construct of : : Similarl
Page 160 and 161: , , , , , , , , ,Definitenum
Page 162 and 163: 80 Ordinals: ‘first, second, thir
Page 164 and 165: does not mean ‘I was getting up (
Page 166 and 167: 83 The object suffix:Òî³ Òîò
Page 168 and 169: A third phenomenon, involving many
Page 170 and 171: d ‘the more that . . ., the more
Page 172 and 173: (1a)(1b) automatically (in a
Page 174 and 175: 94ó ÒîÔí ,íÖòÖL Ôí ‘to
Page 176 and 177: 98 Where to position ó Ôè and š
Page 178 and 179: But used by themselves, the negativ
Page 180 and 181: 102 Wishes and requests‘Either .
Page 182 and 183: This amounts to saying ‘the man t
Page 184 and 185: a Inverting subject and verb1 Where
Page 188: Exercises
Page 191 and 192: Exercises4 The definite article1 Th
Page 193 and 194: Exercises7e Feminine denoting peopl
Page 195 and 196: Exercises13c Particles of being1 Ra
Page 197 and 198: Exercises16d Numerals without their
Page 199 and 200: Exercises21 The future tense21a For
Page 201 and 202: Exercises26 Two-syllable and one-sy
Page 203 and 204: Exercises7 Ariela, ask to hear the
Page 205 and 206: Exercises31 Binyan HUF’AL1 Using
Page 207 and 208: Exercises35 Preposition + suffix35a
Page 209 and 210: Exercises35e Preposition + suffix:
Page 211 and 212: Exercises43 Adverbs of time and pla
Page 213 and 214: Exercises4 It is possible that they
Page 215 and 216: Exercises2 and: ‘he decided’,
Page 217 and 218: Exercises53 Four-consonant rootsUsi
Page 219 and 220: Exercises56d ,1 He had to go to a
Page 221 and 222: Exercisesand the future tense:. . .
Page 223 and 224: Exercises65 Nouns from adjectivesFo
Page 225 and 226: Exercises9 On what words are the fo
Page 227 and 228: Exercises73 The construct as a poss
Page 229 and 230: Exercises78 Preposition + suffix:Ò
Page 231 and 232: Exercises87-90 COMPARATIVES87 Compa
Page 233 and 234: Exercises95í Ö of destination, e.
Page 235 and 236: Exercises102 Wishes and requests1 I
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Exercises106b Starting with the obj
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about (= concerning) about (= appr
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abybaby carriagebaby girlbaby sitte
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ainwavebreadto breakto break out (w
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in chargecharityChavaChayacheapchec
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court (of law)courtyardcousincowcra
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DovdownstairsDrdrag noundressdresse
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to fall in love withfamilyfantastic
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a fruitfunfurniture() Vocabularyf
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(for) heaven’s sake heavy Hebre
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invalidto inviteironto ironironingI
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(at) leastto leave (= quit)to leave
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to meanmeaningmeanwhilemeatmeatymed
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newsnewspaper(the) nextnext tonicen
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parentspark nounto park intrans.par
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prayer-bookprayer-shawlto preferpre
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ight (opp. of left)to be rightright
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sheetshelfshelterShimonshirtshivaSh
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sourSouthsouthernsparklingto speaks
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to talk totalltank (weapon)tape-rec
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traffic-lighttraytreatmenttreetribe
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weirdwellwell done!Westernwetwhat?w
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Key to exercises
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Key toexercises6 , , , ,
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Key toexercises11? 5 4 3 2 ?
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Key toexercises15 3 . 2 . 1
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Key toexercises1919a ` 11 10 9 8 7
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Key toexercises 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Key toexercises301 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Key toexercises 3 . 2 . 1
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Key toexercises38 2 . 1 4 ?
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Key toexercises48? 2 . , 1
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5151b `,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,51d `1-,-,-,
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Key toexercises56b ` 3 . 2 . ,
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Key toexercises6060a ` 4 3 2
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Key toexercises67 , , , , 1 , , , ,
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Key toexercises73 2 . 1. 4
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Key toexercises82 2 . 1 4 .
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Key toexercises91. , 2 .
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Key toexercises100 3 ? . 2 .
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Key toexercises106106a `. ,
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Index300lamed-alef 58(d)lamed-he 50
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Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar

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