The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis - NOAA National ...

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online archive of data for reanalysis created for CFSR processing was convenient becauseit allowed corrections or additions to be made to the dumped data files quickly andcleanly. This proved to be very useful in several instances where significant problemswith certain data types were able to be resolved very quickly and without impacting theprocessing schedule. An annotated diagram of the distribution of the 8 terabytes of datafound in the 30 year online data dump archive is shown in Figure 1.2.3 Conventional Observing Systems in the CFSRThe sections in part 2.3 briefly describe some specific details about the conventionalobserving systems used in the CFSR, their sources, characteristics, and preparation. Eachsection also references one or more charts which illustrate the observing systemperformances of the data described, with respect to the quality control reactions and themonthly RMS and mean fits to the analysis and first guess backgrounds over the 31 yearperiod, 1979 through 2009.2.3.1 Radiosondes and PibalsMany sources of radiosonde and pilot balloon data have been made available forreanalysis projects. From 1948 through 1997 a number of archives were combined for theCFSR assimilation, including operational archives from NMC/NCEP, ECMWF, JMA,USAF, NAVY, along with various other military, academic, and national archivescollected at NCAR and NCDC over the years. The main issue in combining radiosondearchives is resolving overlapping, or duplicate, soundings. For the CFSR radiosondepreparation, duplicates were resolved by merging the contents of duplicate soundingsinstead of picking one sounding from one of the sources and discarding the others, as hasbeen commonly done in reanalysis projects to date. This merging process was completedfor the entire set of radiosonde data for the years 1948 through 1997. Starting in May1997, the NECP operational run history archive supplied the bulk of CFSR radiosondedata. Figures 2-3 show the performance of 500mb radiosonde temperatures and winds,respectively, in the CFSR.- 10 -
2.3.1.1 African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Special Observations inCFSRA special observation program known as AMMA has been ongoing since 2001, focusedon reactivating, renovating, and installing radiosonde sites in West Africa. Between 2004and 2006 the number of radiosonde sites in that region jumped from 5 to 21 activestations. During the summer of 2006 an intensive observing period was carried out inwhich some 7000 soundings were made, representing the greatest density of radiosondesever launched in the region (Kadi, 2009) . In addition these soundings were augmentedby high resolution profiler and dropsonde observations. The CFSR was able to includemuch of this special data in 2006, thanks to an arrangement with the ECMWF and theAMMA project.2.3.2 Aircraft and ACARS dataAircraft have been used for many years to make observations of winds and temperaturesalong their flight paths. The bulk of CFSR aircraft observations are taken from the USoperational NWS archives which start in 1962, and are continuous through the presenttime. A number of other archives from military and national sources have been obtainedand used to provide data which is not represented in the NWS archive. Very usefuldatasets have been supplied, in particular, by NCAR, ECMWF, and JMA. The automaticACARS aircraft observations enter the CFSR in 1992. Figures 4-5 show the performanceof aircraft wind, and ACARS wind, respectively.2.3.3 Surface ObservationsThe US NWS operational archive of ON124 surface synoptic observations is usedbeginning in 1976 to supply land surface data for CFSR. Prior to 1976, a number ofmilitary and national archives were combined to provide the land surface pressure datafor the CFSR. All the observed marine data from 1948 through 1997 have been suppliedby the COADS datasets. These data include ship reports, buoys, and other marineobserving platforms. Starting in May 1997 all surface observations are taken from theNCEP operational archives. METAR automated reports also start in 1997. Very high- 11 -
Page 2 and 3: ABSTRACTThe NCEP Climate Forecast S
Page 4 and 5: 1. IntroductionThe first reanalysis
Page 6 and 7: In this paper we only discuss globa
Page 8 and 9: the reanalysis was halted to addres
Page 12 and 13: density MESONET data is included in
Page 14 and 15: The 1B datasets were calibrated usi
Page 16 and 17: MetOp is Europe's first polar-orbit
Page 20 and 21: The third GSI feature enabled in th
Page 22 and 23: the hydrostatic assumption. Soon af
Page 24 and 25: esolution with 28 sigma layers in t
Page 26 and 27: SW and LW radiations at one-hour in
Page 28 and 29: SST data. The other uses AVHRR and
Page 30 and 31: y Gent and McWilliams (1990; see al
Page 32 and 33: from the Global Temperature-Salinit
Page 34 and 35: through the end of the data set in
Page 36 and 37: The passive microwave weather filte
Page 39 and 40: from the sea ice/ocean back to the
Page 41 and 42: weight is assigned to the gauge ana
Page 43 and 44: Stream 6: 1 Jan 1994 to 31 Mar 1999
Page 45 and 46: in the mid 1990’s, the period whe
Page 47: e due to a change over the oceans (
Page 52 and 53: In Figure 49, we show the temporal
Page 54 and 55: distributed in time and space. Desp
Page 56 and 57: forecast model at a lower resolutio
Page 58 and 59: Appendix A: AcronymsAER Atmospheric
Page 60 and 61:
ONPCMDIPIRATAPROFLRQBOQuikSCATR1R2R
Page 62 and 63:
TMP2M 2m air temperature 24 / 473TM
Page 64 and 65:
Appendix C: The Data AccessTo addre
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 26 shows the global total bi
Page 68 and 69:
Argo Science Team, 2001: The global
Page 70 and 71:
Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, and P.D
Page 72 and 73:
ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (O
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Global Forecast System. Manuscript
Page 77 and 78:
and climate models. Atmos. Chem. Ph
Page 79 and 80:
performance Earth system modeling w
Page 81 and 82:
with mesoscale numerical weather pr
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experiments using SSM/I wind speed
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Figure 21: Same as Figure 2, but fo
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 45: The fit of 6-hour foreca
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Figure 1: Diagram illustrating CFSR
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Figure 3: Same as in Figure 2, but
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Page 95 and 96:
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Page 99 and 100:
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Page 103 and 104:
Figure 15: Radiance instruments on
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Figure 17: Same as in Figure 16, bu
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Figure 19: Global average Tb first
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Figure 21: Same as in Figure 16, bu
Page 111:
Figure 23: Comparisons of the SSU b
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Figure 26: The global total bias fo
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Figure 28: The yearly total of trop
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Figure 30: The vertical structure o
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Figure 32: The global number of tem
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Figure 34: The same as Figure 33, b
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Figure 36: Monthly mean Sea ice ext
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Figure 38: 2-meter volumetric soil
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Figure 40: Schematic of the executi
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Figure 42: Yearly averaged Southern
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Figure 44: Monthly mean hourly surf
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Figure 46: Global mean temperature
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Figure 48: Zonal mean total ozone d
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Figure 50: The subsurface temperatu
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Figure 52: Vertical profiles of the
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Figure 54: Zonal surface velocities
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ProgramPREVENTSACQCACAR_CQCCQCCQCVA
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Satellite Starting date Ending Date
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