The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis - NOAA National ...

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The 1B datasets were calibrated using operational calibration coefficients stored in thefiles to convert the raw data counts into brightness temperatures for the assimilation. TheTOVS radiance data was assimilated in the CFSR through 1998, although the TOVS dataremains in the CRSR files until 2007. Figures 16-18 show the performance of HIRS/2channel 12, MSU channel 3, and SSU channel 1, for the full period they are in the CFSRdata dumps.2.4.2 Recalibrated MSU RadiancesCurrently, there are two sets of calibration processing codes that are optional forgenerating MSU level-1c radiances from the level-1b files. The first one is known as the‘NOAA operational calibration’, in which calibration coefficients used for convertingraw counts data to level-1c radiances were obtained from pre-launch chamber testdatasets (Mo et al. 2001). It is well known that the NOAA TOVS satellites sufferedthrough an orbital-drift problem, which caused an onboard warm target temperature tohave a large variability owing to differences in sun heating on the instrument (Zou et al.2006). The warm target was designed for calibrating the MSU raw observations,however, the NOAA pre-launch-based operational calibration did not account for thelarge warm target temperature variability. As a consequence, a part of this variabilityremained in the NOAA operational calibrated level-1c radiances. This is the so-called“warm target signal contamination” in the level-1c MSU radiances. NESDIS developeda post-launch calibration algorithm using simultaneous nadir overpasses (Zou et al., 2006,2009). The new calibration algorithm largely removed inter-satellite biases and nonlinearbias drift caused by the warm target effect resulting in more accurate radiances. By thetime the CFSR was begun, recalibration of MSU channels 2, 3, 4 from NOAA-10 toNOAA-14 was completed, and the recalibrated data were included in CFSR. Figure 19presents MSU global average first guess brightness temperatures for MSU channels 1-4,for the entire period they were assimilated. The effect of recalibration of channels 2-4 onNOAA-10 to NOAA-14 is clearly seen.2.4.3 ATOVS radiances- 14 -
Advanced TOVS instrumentation became available in 1998 with the launch of theNOAA-15 satellite and continued on NOAA-16 and NOAA-17. Level 1b ATOVSdatasets for HIRS/3, AMSU-a, and AMSU-b, were obtained from NESDIS/CLASSthrough June 2002, and calibrated with operational coefficients for use in CFSR. Startingin July 2002 calibrated ATOVS data was supplied from the NCEP operational archives.Evidence from a number of studies (e.g. English et al. 2000), and from operationalexperience, suggests that ATOVS data has been an important factor in large forecastimprovements seen over the last decade. Figures 20-21 show the performance of HIRS/3channel 5, and AMSU-a channel 5 in the CFSR.2.4.4 GOES RadiancesGOES sounder radiances have been available since the launch of GOES-8 in 1994. CFSRstarted assimilating superobed sounder radiances from GOES-8 and GOES-9 in 1997when the NCEP operational archive began. Full resolution sounder data was introducedinto CFSR assimilation in 2007.2.4.5 AQUA - AIRS AMSU-a, and AMSRE dataThe AQUA satellite was launched by NASA in May 2002. Several advanced infraredsounders from NASA were on board, AIRS and AMSU-a, along with a microwavescanning radiometer, AMSR-E, built by the Japanese NSDA. The AIRS instrument is thefirst hyper-spectral sounder in space, which measures bandwidth brightness inapproximately 3000 wave bands. For operational use, the AIRS data was thinned by afactor of 40 in the horizontal arrangement, and by a factor of 10 in the bandwidthmeasurements. CFSR has followed this protocol and assimilated the AIRS data in thisconfiguration since late 2004. In mid-2007 the operational NCEP GDAS considered all 9AIRS spots in each AMSU field of view for assimilation and the CFSR followed suit.Figure 22 shows the AIRS channel 215 (channel 92 in the 281 channel subset)performance in the CFSR.2.4.6 METOP - IASI, AMSU-a, and MHS data- 15 -
Page 2 and 3: ABSTRACTThe NCEP Climate Forecast S
Page 4 and 5: 1. IntroductionThe first reanalysis
Page 6 and 7: In this paper we only discuss globa
Page 8 and 9: the reanalysis was halted to addres
Page 10 and 11: online archive of data for reanalys
Page 12 and 13: density MESONET data is included in
Page 16 and 17: MetOp is Europe's first polar-orbit
Page 20 and 21: The third GSI feature enabled in th
Page 22 and 23: the hydrostatic assumption. Soon af
Page 24 and 25: esolution with 28 sigma layers in t
Page 26 and 27: SW and LW radiations at one-hour in
Page 28 and 29: SST data. The other uses AVHRR and
Page 30 and 31: y Gent and McWilliams (1990; see al
Page 32 and 33: from the Global Temperature-Salinit
Page 34 and 35: through the end of the data set in
Page 36 and 37: The passive microwave weather filte
Page 39 and 40: from the sea ice/ocean back to the
Page 41 and 42: weight is assigned to the gauge ana
Page 43 and 44: Stream 6: 1 Jan 1994 to 31 Mar 1999
Page 45 and 46: in the mid 1990’s, the period whe
Page 47: e due to a change over the oceans (
Page 52 and 53: In Figure 49, we show the temporal
Page 54 and 55: distributed in time and space. Desp
Page 56 and 57: forecast model at a lower resolutio
Page 58 and 59: Appendix A: AcronymsAER Atmospheric
Page 60 and 61: ONPCMDIPIRATAPROFLRQBOQuikSCATR1R2R
Page 62 and 63: TMP2M 2m air temperature 24 / 473TM
Page 64 and 65:
Appendix C: The Data AccessTo addre
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Figure 26 shows the global total bi
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Argo Science Team, 2001: The global
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Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, and P.D
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ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (O
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Global Forecast System. Manuscript
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and climate models. Atmos. Chem. Ph
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performance Earth system modeling w
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with mesoscale numerical weather pr
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experiments using SSM/I wind speed
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Figure 21: Same as Figure 2, but fo
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Figure 45: The fit of 6-hour foreca
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Figure 1: Diagram illustrating CFSR
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Figure 3: Same as in Figure 2, but
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Figure 15: Radiance instruments on
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Figure 17: Same as in Figure 16, bu
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Figure 19: Global average Tb first
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Figure 21: Same as in Figure 16, bu
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Figure 23: Comparisons of the SSU b
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Figure 26: The global total bias fo
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Figure 28: The yearly total of trop
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Figure 30: The vertical structure o
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Figure 32: The global number of tem
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Figure 34: The same as Figure 33, b
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Figure 36: Monthly mean Sea ice ext
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Figure 38: 2-meter volumetric soil
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Figure 40: Schematic of the executi
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Figure 42: Yearly averaged Southern
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Figure 44: Monthly mean hourly surf
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Figure 46: Global mean temperature
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Figure 48: Zonal mean total ozone d
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Figure 50: The subsurface temperatu
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Figure 52: Vertical profiles of the
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Figure 54: Zonal surface velocities
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ProgramPREVENTSACQCACAR_CQCCQCCQCVA
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Satellite Starting date Ending Date
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