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the reanalysis was halted to address concerns that something may have gone wrong, andmany corrections and restarts were made to ensure that the process was done correctly.This extremely large “atlas” of plots depicting nearly all aspects of the CFSR will beopen to the public at: http://cfs.ncep.noaa.gov/cfsreanlIt is worth noting that the analysis system used in CFSR for the atmosphere, theGridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) scheme, is nearly the same as the one used byMERRA at GSFC/NASA. The MERRA atmosphere-only reanalysis is being conductedover the same years with nearly the same input data.The lay-out of the paper is as follows. There are sections devoted to (2) the observations,(3) the atmosphere, (4) the ocean, (5) the sea-ice, (6) the coupler, (7) the land and (8) theexecution. Sections 9 and 10 deal with preliminary analysis of the CFSR, that resultedfrom the ongoing monitoring. Far more substantial analyses of this reanalysis will beforthcoming in a dozen or so journal articles that are currently under consideration. In theconcluding section 11, we look ahead to the completion of the CFSR Project, namely theReforecasts (the second R in CFSRR) over the 1980-present period that will be initializedby the CFSR. This project is currently in progress. We will also allude to the possibilityof going back to 1948, or further, with a reduced resolution of the CFSR system, suchthat both R1 and R2 have a modern successor, and the old technologies can be retiredgracefully. Since some of the sections are highly technical and detailed, the reader isreferred to Appendix A for acronyms. Appendix B describes some of the data that isavailable for distribution, while Appendix C gives information about data access. It mustbe noted here that data from this reanalysis has been archived at unprecedented spatial(0.5 o x0.5 o ) and temporal (hourly) resolution, exceeding over 250 Terabytes.2. The ObservationsReanalysis projects depend upon both historical and operational archives of observations,and newly reprocessed sets of observations being produced at meteorological researchcenters around the world. Historical observations are often found stored in obsoleteformats and mediums, at various research institutions and national archives in various- 8 -
stages of incompleteness and/or disarray. Fortunately, there is a wealth of modernizedhistorical observation datasets currently available, which have been produced for a seriesof major global reanalysis projects, as outlined in the Introduction. A great deal ofhistorical data mining and archeology has been accomplished, particularly at NCAR,NCDC and NESDIS, in preparation for these and other climate research projects (Jenneand Woollen, 1994, Woollen and Zhu, 1997). In addition, a number of important moderndatasets have been reprocessed and improved from operational archives at internationalcenters, such as ECMWF, NCEP, ESA, EUMETSAT, JMA, and BOM.2.1 Observation SourcesThe CFSR project will be completed over two epochs of meteorological observingperiods. Initially, CFSR has analyzed the “TOVS” or “modern” era, from 1978 throughthe present. Subsequently the CFSR will be extended back in time to 1947 or further.Most of the observations for the period 1948 through 1978 are available as products ofthe previous reanalysis preparation efforts at NCEP. Observations assimilated from 1978through 1997 were drawn from sources which were either copied from previous projects,or from datasets improved or made available since previous NCEP reanalysis projectswere completed. The observations for the most recent period of the CFSR, 1997-2009,have mostly been drawn directly from the NCEP operational run history archives, whichhave been saved in tape silos beginning when the NCEP modernized real-time BUFRdatabase was implemented.2.2 Observation PreparationThe bulk of the work involved in data preparation for CFSR was invested in 1) datamovement and archiving of large volume data sets, especially those from satellite basedobserving systems, and 2) the combination of datasets containing overlapping contents.Once a database of all observations to be included in the CFSR input were assembled inthe correct BUFR formats, and with duplicate observations resolved, current NCEPoperational data prep codes were used to create online data dump directories from whichthe reanalysis processing scripts would access the input datasets for assimilation. The- 9 -
Page 2 and 3: ABSTRACTThe NCEP Climate Forecast S
Page 4 and 5: 1. IntroductionThe first reanalysis
Page 6 and 7: In this paper we only discuss globa
Page 10 and 11: online archive of data for reanalys
Page 12 and 13: density MESONET data is included in
Page 14 and 15: The 1B datasets were calibrated usi
Page 16 and 17: MetOp is Europe's first polar-orbit
Page 20 and 21: The third GSI feature enabled in th
Page 22 and 23: the hydrostatic assumption. Soon af
Page 24 and 25: esolution with 28 sigma layers in t
Page 26 and 27: SW and LW radiations at one-hour in
Page 28 and 29: SST data. The other uses AVHRR and
Page 30 and 31: y Gent and McWilliams (1990; see al
Page 32 and 33: from the Global Temperature-Salinit
Page 34 and 35: through the end of the data set in
Page 36 and 37: The passive microwave weather filte
Page 39 and 40: from the sea ice/ocean back to the
Page 41 and 42: weight is assigned to the gauge ana
Page 43 and 44: Stream 6: 1 Jan 1994 to 31 Mar 1999
Page 45 and 46: in the mid 1990’s, the period whe
Page 47: e due to a change over the oceans (
Page 52 and 53: In Figure 49, we show the temporal
Page 54 and 55: distributed in time and space. Desp
Page 56 and 57: forecast model at a lower resolutio
Page 58 and 59:
Appendix A: AcronymsAER Atmospheric
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ONPCMDIPIRATAPROFLRQBOQuikSCATR1R2R
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TMP2M 2m air temperature 24 / 473TM
Page 64 and 65:
Appendix C: The Data AccessTo addre
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Figure 26 shows the global total bi
Page 68 and 69:
Argo Science Team, 2001: The global
Page 70 and 71:
Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, and P.D
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ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (O
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Global Forecast System. Manuscript
Page 77 and 78:
and climate models. Atmos. Chem. Ph
Page 79 and 80:
performance Earth system modeling w
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with mesoscale numerical weather pr
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experiments using SSM/I wind speed
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Figure 21: Same as Figure 2, but fo
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 45: The fit of 6-hour foreca
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Figure 1: Diagram illustrating CFSR
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Figure 3: Same as in Figure 2, but
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Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
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Figure 15: Radiance instruments on
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Figure 17: Same as in Figure 16, bu
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Figure 19: Global average Tb first
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Figure 21: Same as in Figure 16, bu
Page 111:
Figure 23: Comparisons of the SSU b
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Figure 26: The global total bias fo
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Figure 28: The yearly total of trop
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Figure 30: The vertical structure o
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Figure 32: The global number of tem
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Figure 34: The same as Figure 33, b
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Figure 36: Monthly mean Sea ice ext
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Figure 38: 2-meter volumetric soil
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Figure 40: Schematic of the executi
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Figure 42: Yearly averaged Southern
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Figure 44: Monthly mean hourly surf
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Figure 46: Global mean temperature
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Figure 48: Zonal mean total ozone d
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Figure 50: The subsurface temperatu
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Figure 52: Vertical profiles of the
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Figure 54: Zonal surface velocities
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ProgramPREVENTSACQCACAR_CQCCQCCQCVA
Page 146:
Satellite Starting date Ending Date
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