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density MESONET data is included in the CFSR database starting in 2002 Althoughthese observations are not assimilated, they are available in CFSR files for validation.Figures 6-9 show the performance of SYNOP and METAR surface pressure, and marinetemperature and wind, respectively.2.3.4 PAOBSPAOBS are bogus observations of sea level pressure created at the Australian BOM fromthe 1972 through the present. They were initially created for NWP to mitigate theextreme lack of observations over the Southern Hemisphere oceans. Studies of the impactof PAOB data (Seaman and Hart, 2003) show positive impacts on SH analyses, at leastuntil 1998 when ATOVS became available. CFSR assimilated PAOBS through 1998,although there are indications in the performance chart (Figure 10) that PAOBS would beuseful until 2002. CFSR had GTS PAOBS until 1985, included reprocessed PAOBS fromJRA-25 datasets, 1985-2000, then PAOBS from NCEP operational archives through thepresent.2.3.5 Satellite Wind (SATOB) ObservationsAtmospheric motion vectors derived from geo-stationary satellite imagery areassimilated in the CFSR beginning in 1979. The imagery from GOES, METEOSAT, andGMS satellites provide the observations used in CFSR, mostly obtained from US NWSarchives of GTS data. GTS archives from JMA were used to augment the NWS setthrough 1993 in the R1. Reprocessed high resolution GMS SATOB data were speciallyproduced by JMA for the JRA-25 reanalysis, covering the years 1987 through 2003.These were made available for the CFSR project, and replaced the GTS GMS data in theassimilation database for that period. MODIS polar wind data is obtained from the NCEParchives for the CFSR starting in late 2004. Recently, a 27 year dataset of northern andsouthern polar winds, derived from AVHRR on TOVS, ATOVS, and METOP satellites,has been created for use in reanalysis projects (Dworak and Kay, 2007), although not intime for CFSR preparation. Figures 11-13 show the performance of METEOSAT, GMS,and GOES satellite wind observations, respectively.- 12 -
2.3.6 SSM/I Ocean Surface Wind SpeedMicrowave imager data from the SSM/I instrument is processed to derive ocean surfacewind speed observations. SSM/I microwave radiance datasets, from DMSP satellites,were obtained from NCDC starting in 1993. Beginning in 1997 the DMSP data isavailable in the NCEP archives. The SSM/I brightness temperature data were convertedto wind speeds by a neural net algorithm developed at NCEP and used in NCEPoperations (Krasnopolsky et al, 1996, Gemmill and Krasnopolsky, 1999, Yu et al, 1997).2.3.7 Scatterometer WindsOcean surface wind datasets have been available from the European Space Agency ERS-1/AMI scatterometer since 1991, and the ERS-2/AMI instrument since 1996. ESA hasrecently reprocessed ocean surface wind vectors from the ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellitearchives, covering the years 1991 through 2007. The reprocessed data was obtained forthe entire period, and assimilated in the CFSR. Figure 14 shows the performance ofERS/AMI ocean surface wind data in the CFSR. The NASA QuikSCAT Seawindsscatterometer was launched in 1999. Seawinds ocean surface vector wind data from theNCEP operational archives was assimilated in CFSR from 2001 until it went nonoperationalin 2009. The NRL WINDSAT scatterometer data is assimilated in CFSRstarting September 2008.2.4 Satellite Radiance Based Observing Systems in the CFSRThe NCEP operational GDAS has directly assimilated satellite radiances for a number ofyears, but CFSR is the first NCEP global reanalysis to do so. The historical TOVS andATOVS archives were obtained from the NESDIS web based CLASS online archive. Allthe other radiance data were obtained from the NCEP operational archives. Figure 15 is aCFSR usage chart of radiance measuring instruments illustrating the time period duringwhich each instrument was assimilated.2.4.1 TOVS radiancesThe CFSR assimilated radiance data from satellite sounders with TOVS instruments onboard nine NOAA polar-orbiting satellites from TIROS-N to NOAA-14 starting in 1978.- 13 -
Page 2 and 3: ABSTRACTThe NCEP Climate Forecast S
Page 4 and 5: 1. IntroductionThe first reanalysis
Page 6 and 7: In this paper we only discuss globa
Page 8 and 9: the reanalysis was halted to addres
Page 10 and 11: online archive of data for reanalys
Page 14 and 15: The 1B datasets were calibrated usi
Page 16 and 17: MetOp is Europe's first polar-orbit
Page 20 and 21: The third GSI feature enabled in th
Page 22 and 23: the hydrostatic assumption. Soon af
Page 24 and 25: esolution with 28 sigma layers in t
Page 26 and 27: SW and LW radiations at one-hour in
Page 28 and 29: SST data. The other uses AVHRR and
Page 30 and 31: y Gent and McWilliams (1990; see al
Page 32 and 33: from the Global Temperature-Salinit
Page 34 and 35: through the end of the data set in
Page 36 and 37: The passive microwave weather filte
Page 39 and 40: from the sea ice/ocean back to the
Page 41 and 42: weight is assigned to the gauge ana
Page 43 and 44: Stream 6: 1 Jan 1994 to 31 Mar 1999
Page 45 and 46: in the mid 1990’s, the period whe
Page 47: e due to a change over the oceans (
Page 52 and 53: In Figure 49, we show the temporal
Page 54 and 55: distributed in time and space. Desp
Page 56 and 57: forecast model at a lower resolutio
Page 58 and 59: Appendix A: AcronymsAER Atmospheric
Page 60 and 61: ONPCMDIPIRATAPROFLRQBOQuikSCATR1R2R
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TMP2M 2m air temperature 24 / 473TM
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Appendix C: The Data AccessTo addre
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Figure 26 shows the global total bi
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Argo Science Team, 2001: The global
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Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, and P.D
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ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (O
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Global Forecast System. Manuscript
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and climate models. Atmos. Chem. Ph
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performance Earth system modeling w
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with mesoscale numerical weather pr
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experiments using SSM/I wind speed
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Figure 21: Same as Figure 2, but fo
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Figure 45: The fit of 6-hour foreca
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Figure 1: Diagram illustrating CFSR
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Figure 3: Same as in Figure 2, but
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Figure 15: Radiance instruments on
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Figure 17: Same as in Figure 16, bu
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Figure 19: Global average Tb first
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Figure 21: Same as in Figure 16, bu
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Figure 23: Comparisons of the SSU b
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Figure 26: The global total bias fo
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Figure 28: The yearly total of trop
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Figure 30: The vertical structure o
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Figure 32: The global number of tem
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Figure 34: The same as Figure 33, b
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Figure 36: Monthly mean Sea ice ext
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Figure 38: 2-meter volumetric soil
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Figure 40: Schematic of the executi
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Figure 42: Yearly averaged Southern
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Figure 44: Monthly mean hourly surf
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Figure 46: Global mean temperature
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Figure 48: Zonal mean total ozone d
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Figure 50: The subsurface temperatu
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Figure 52: Vertical profiles of the
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Figure 54: Zonal surface velocities
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ProgramPREVENTSACQCACAR_CQCCQCCQCVA
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Satellite Starting date Ending Date
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