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Mozambique National Human Development Report 2007AcronymsAIDSAMETRAMOAMODEFAARVARTCNCSDNSDOTFDCGATVGDIGDPHAIHDDHDIHIVILOINEINJADISRIKAPMADERMISAUMMASAcquired Immune DeficiencySyndromeAssociation of MozambicanTraditional HealersMozambican Association for theDefence of the FamilyAnti-RetroviralAnti-Retroviral TreatmentNational AIDS CouncilNational Health DirectorateDirectly Observed TreatmentCommunity Development FoundationCounselling and VoluntaryTesting OfficeGender-adjusted Development IndexGross Domestic ProductHealth Alliance InternationalDay HospitalHuman Development IndexHuman Immunodeficiency VirusInternational Labour OrganizationNational Statistics InstituteNational Survey of Young Peopleand AdolescentsHigher Institute of InternationalRelationsKnowledge, Attitudes and PracticesMinistry of Agriculture and RuralDevelopmentMinistry of HealthMinistry of Women’s Affairs andSocial ActionMPFMSFNGOOEOVCPARPAPENPESPLWAPMTPNSPNCTLPQGPVTSARDCSETSANSNSSTITBUEMUNAIDSUNDPUNICEFUSWHOMinistry of Planning and FinanceMedicins Sans FrontiersNon Governmental OrganisationState BudgetOrphaned and Vulnerable ChildrenAction Plan for the Reductionof Absolute PovertyNational Strategic PlanEconomic and Social PlanPeople Living with HIV and AIDSPractitioners of Traditional MedicineNational AIDS PlanNational Programme for the Controlof TuberculosisGovernment Five-Year PlanPrevention of Vertical TransmissionSouthern African Research andDocumentation CentreTechnical Secretariat for Food andNutritional SecurityNational Health ServiceSexually Transmitted InfectionsTuberculosisEduardo Mondlane UniversityJoint United Nations Programmeon HIV/AIDSUnited Nations Development ProgramUnited Nations Children’s FundHealth UnitWorld Health Organisationxii
Chapter 1Human Development, HIV and AIDS in MozambiqueThe concept of Human DevelopmentHuman development has to do, first and foremost,with the possibility of people living the kind of lifethat they choose – and with the provision of instrumentsand opportunities so that they can make theirchoices (UNDP, 2004). This statement expresses anew way of conceiving the scientific thought thatguides the problem of development today, centring iton human beings. It is the meeting place for the currentsof thought and theories which, in the last half ofthe 20th century, dominated economic thought andthe human sciences.Indeed, the theme of development has longattracted the attention of academics, politicians,activists, workers and members of civil society ingeneral. This attention has led to countless studiesand debates and even the establishment of institutionsspecialised in development studies andresearch.Arising out of the search for sustainable and adequatemeans for achieving development, thereappeared several currents and trends of thoughtaround the concept and how to approach the theme.The field of development economics, for example, asthat which has been most prominent in dealing withthe theme, has a history which, from the 1950s totoday, falls into three distinct periods:• the era of economic growth and modernisationof the 1950s and 60s, when development waslargely defined in terms of the average growth ofper capita income;• the period of growth with equity as from the1970s, when the concerns of many economistsabout development expanded, and came toinclude the distribution of income, employmentand nutrition; and,• the era of economic growth and policy reform ofthe 1980s (Staatz and Eicher, 1990).During these various phases in the evolution ofthe approach to development, critical voices wereraised and, by around the 1970s, there was universalrecognition that aggregate economic growth did notnecessarily lead to the elimination of poverty. Thisfinding led to the formulation of the basic needsapproach which was adopted by the InternationalLabour Organisation (ILO) in 1976. At that time theILO defined basic needs as adequate food, shelterand clothing, as well as some domestic requirements,including social services provided to individualsand communities, namely drinking water, sanitation,public transport, health and education.This approach began to orient the developmentproblematic towards meeting the needs of humanbeings. In this context, one should mention the meetingat Cocoyoc, Mexico in 1974, the declaration ofwhich strengthened the orientation towards meetingpeople’s needs, pointing out that growth that did notlead to the attainment of basic human needs was aparody of development. This declaration wentbeyond basic needs, and brought to the surface conceptsof freedom of expression and self-realisation atwork (Burkey, 1996).Today the concerns of development activists tosatisfy people’s needs has led and influenced theproblem of development towards the search forresponses to immediate and not-so-immediatehuman needs. Development is thus being understoodwithin a perspective which recognises that economicgrowth is a necessary condition, but also that itshould be based on equity and on the participation ofindividuals in designing, implementing ad evaluatingdevelopment programmes.Thus development now wears a human face,shifting from its statistical and numerical identity, andcoming to encourage the welfare of the individual,bringing together his or her material and immaterialneeds, namely access to clean drinking water, anadequate and balanced diet, physical and emotionalsecurity, physical, mental and spiritual peace, as wellas cohabiting in sustainable systems of sexual reproduction,systems of social education grounded oncultural preservation and continuity, and political1
Page 3 and 4: Preface“Mozambican men and women:
Page 5 and 6: Forewordby the UN Resident Coordina
Page 7: ContentsPrefaceForewordContentsList
Page 10 and 11: Mozambique National Human Developme
Page 18 and 19: 6Mozambique National Human Developm
Page 42 and 43: 30Mozambique National Human Develop
Page 48: Mozambique National Human Developme
Page 51 and 52: The General Threat posed by HIV and
Page 53 and 54: The General Threat posed by HIV and
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 7National Strategies agains
Page 57 and 58: National Strategies against the Spr
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National Strategies against the Spr
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Chapter 8Planning for the Future: T
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Planning for the Future: The Window
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Technical NotesTechnical Note 1Calc
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Technical NotesConclusionsIn this w
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Technical Notesmaximum and minimum
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References and BibliographyADEPESE
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Statistical Annex75
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