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Chapter 3 - Benthic HabitatsFuture Research: Demersal Fish HabitatsWe will apply this methodology to demersal fish data collectedover 40 years in the NMFS bottom trawl surveys.At this point, the proof-of concept analysis has been initiatedfor demersal fish using data from one year (2005),but the statistical analysis necessary to solidly connect theorganism groups with the physical factors have not beenperformed. However, initial results look promising and adraft of the fish-based habitats will be completed in 2010.after trawling because of direct mortality or displacement,changes in sediment structure and geochemistry, and alterationsin the abundance of predators or competitors.(Schratzberger and Jennings 2002). As these changesare identifiable over broad spatial scales, they are likelyto have important ramifications for the development ofsustainable fisheries that depend on productive benthiccommunities.Human InteractionsBenthic habitats are vulnerable to a widevariety of human activities that disturb thephysical structure of seafloor sediments oralter the composition of the community. Inshallow environments, soft sediment habitatsare susceptible to the effects of shorelinehardening and dredging for marinasand navigation. In deeper subtidal habitats,biological resource harvest, particularlytrawling in mud and sand, and overfishingaffect habitat structure (Gulf of MaineCouncil 2005).Commercial fishing is one of the most studiedhuman impacts on the marine benthicenvironment. Bottom contact nets anddredge fisheries disturb benthic habitats as gear is draggedacross the seafloor. Experimental studies suggest that upto 20% of the variability in the macrofauna compositionof some benthic communities might be attributed to fishingeffects. Overall effects include a decrease in the totalnumber of species and individuals, as well as decreasesin the density of several functional groups including depositfeeders, echinoderms, long-lived surface dwellers,and large epifauna (Thrush et al. 1998; Gaspar 2009).Moreover, diversity of the very small “meiofauna,” themajor contributor to benthic production, also decreasesThere is a need to document commercial and recreationalfishing efforts on the communities mapped in this chapter,as well as the sensitivities and recovery rates of eachhabitat type. It may be important to address regulatoryefforts pertaining to specific habitat types. For example,vulnerable habitats, such as eelgrass and cold water corals,might be protected through regulations that designatesome of these areas as off-limits to bottom tending gear.Other areas, like mud, gravel and cobble, which are muchmore widespread, could be subjected to rotational closures(Gulf of Maine Council 2005).Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment • Phase 1 Report 3-53
Chapter 3 - Benthic HabitatsLITERATURE CITEDAllee, R. J., M. Detheir, D. Brown, L. Deegan, R. G. Ford, T. F. Hourigan, J. Maragos, C. Schoch, K. Sealey, R. Twilley,M. P. Weinstein and M. Yoklavich. 2000. Marine and estuarine ecosystem and habitat classification. NOAA TechnicalMemorandum. NMFS-F/SPO-43.Anderson, T. J. and M. M. Yoklavich. 2007. Multiscale habitat associations of deepwater demersal fishes off centralCalifornia. Fishery Bulletin. 105:168-179.Auster, P. J. 2006. Linking Seafloor Habitat Mapping Protocols to Management and Policy Needs. Funding applicationto US Environmental Protection Agency.Auster, P. J., K. Joy and P. C. Valentine. 2001. Fish species and community distributions as proxies for seafloorhabitat distributions: the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary example (Northwest Atlantic, Gulf of Maine).Environmental Biology of Fishes 60:331-346.Brown, B. 1993. A Classification System of Marine and Estuarine Habitats in Maine: An Ecosystem Approach toHabitats. Maine Natural Areas Program. Department of Economic and Community Development. 51 pp. Augusta, ME.Brown, S.K. 2002. Our living Oceans Benthic Habitat Classification System. NOAA NMFS Office of Science andTechnology.Charton, J. A. and A. Perez Ruzafa. 1998. Correlation between habitat structure and a rocky reef fish assemblage in thesouthwest Mediterranean. Marine Ecology. 19:111-128.Connor, D. W., J. Allen, N. Golding, K. Howell, L. Lieberknecht, K. Northen, and J. Reker. 2004. The national marinehabitat classification for Britain and Ireland, version 04.05. Joint Nature <strong>Conservation</strong> Committee.http://www.jncc.gov.uk/pdf/04_05_introduction.pdf .Danovaro, R., C. Gambi, A. Dell’Anno, C. Corinaldesi, S. Fraschetti, A. Vanreusel, M. Vincx, and A. J. Gooday. 2008.Exponetial decline of deep-sea ecosystem functioning linked to benthic biodiversity loss. Current Biology. 18(1): 1-8.Davies, C., D. Moss, and M. O. Hill. 2004. EUNIS Habitat Classification. European Environment Agency.DeLong, A. K. and J. S. Collie. 2004. Defining Essential Fish Habitat: A Model-Based Approach. Rhode Island SeaGrant, Narragansett, R.I.Dethier, M. N. 1992. Classifying marine and estuarine natural communities: an alternative to the Cowardin system.Natural Areas Journal. 12(2): 90-100.Divins, D. L., and D. Metzger. NGDC Coastal Relief Model. Accessed 2008.http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/coastal/coastal.html.3-54Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment • Phase 1 Report
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© Barry Truit, TNC© Donna A. Dewh
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionImportant s
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Sea TurtleAdam Whelchel and Melissa
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Chapter 14 - Next StepsLiterature C
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