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Chapter 8 - Small Pelagic FishOverholtz, W. 2006a. Status of Fisheries Resources off the Northeastern U.S.: Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus).http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/pp/herring/. Accessed 06/16/08Overholtz, W. 2006b. Status of Fisheries Resources off the Northeastern U. S.: Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus).http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/pp/mackerel/. Accessed 06/16/08Overholtz, W. 2006c. Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern US: Butterfish (Peprilus tricanthus).http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/op/butter/. Accessed 06/16/08.Oviatt, Candace, A.L Gall, and S.W. Nixon .1972. Environmental Effects of Atlantic Menhaden on Surrounding Waters.Chesapeake Science. 13 (4): 321-323.Pauly, D, V.Christensen, J. Dalsgaard, R. Froese, and F. Torres Jr. 1998. Fishing Down Marine Food Webs. Science.279 (5352) 860-863.Read, A. J. and C. R. Brownstein. 2003. Considering other consumers: Fisheries, predators, and Atlantic herring in theGulf of Maine. <strong>Conservation</strong> Ecology. 7(1): 2.Castro,K., B. Somers, and N. Lazar, Eds. Compiled by M. Griffin. Rhode Island Sea Grant and Rhode IslandDepartment of Environmental Management. 2007. Proceedings of the Menhaden Science and Policy Symposium.Rhode Island Sea Grant and Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. NOAA Grant No.NA40AR4170062. 42 pp.Spear, B. 2008. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC 2008). Unpublished Data.Stevenson, D. K. and M. L. Scott. 2005. Essential fish habitat source document: Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus, lifehistory and habitat characteristics (2nd edition). NOAA Technical Memo NMFS NE 192. 84 pp.Studholme, A. L., D. B. Packer, P. L. Berrien, D. L. Johnson, C. A. Zetlin, and W. W. Morse. 1999. Essential fish habitatsource document: Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical MemoNMFS NE 141. 35 p.Weinrich, M., M. Martin, R. Griffiths. J. Save, and M. Schilling 1997. A shift in distribution of humpback whales,Megaptera novaeangliae, in response to prey in the southern Gulf of Maine. Fishery Bulletin. 95:826-836.Winters, G. H. and E. L. Dalley. 1988. Meristic composition of sand lance (Ammodytes spp.) in Newfoundland waterswith a review of species designations in the Northwest Atlantic. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.45:516-529.Wood, A., H. P. Jeffries, and J.S. Collie. 2008. Long-term shifts in the species composition of a coastal fish community.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 65 (7): 1352-1365.Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment • Phase 1 Report 8-23
Large Pelagic FishCHAPTER9Jennifer Greene, Caroly Shumway, Mark Anderson, Jay Odell, and Kevin RuddockIntroductionPelagic fish include highly migratory speciessuch as tuna, swordfish, billfish andvarious species of sharks. The wide rangingdistribution of these species acrossdiverse habitat types, their roles as apexpredators, and their threatened populationstatus make them prime candidates forinclusion in this assessment. <strong>Conservation</strong>of large pelagic fishes like tuna, marlin,swordfish and sharks is a high priority becausethese species represent a particularlythreatened group within the characteristicbiodiversity of the Northwest Atlantic.Moreover, conservation of these species isespecially critical because of their ecologicalfunction as apex predators that cansubstantially control the abundance ofother species through direct and indirectfood web interactions. In some cases, the presence or absence of top-down control provided by apex predators may have astrong influence at the scale of whole ecosystems (Kitchell et al. 2006; Baum and Worm 2009). However, this influencevaries by time and place as mediated by several factors including competition with other predators, trophic complexity,prey preferences, primary productivity, and fishery effects (Pace et al. 1999; Dowd et al. 2006).Effective conservation and management of pelagic fishes is difficult due to their wide ranging distribution (basin-wide tocircumglobal), their natural vulnerability to overfishing and their high value as harvest species. However, in recent yearsincreased concern and attention by stakeholders, researchers and management agencies have begun to lay the groundworkfor additional actions needed to promote recovery for these species. Many of the products of historic and current effortsto better understand the conservation needs for large pelagics within the Northwest Atlantic region are described below.Technical Team MembersVera Agostini, Ph.D., The Nature Conservancy, Global Maine InitiativeMark Anderson, Ph.D., The Nature Conservancy, Eastern DivisionRichard Brill, Ph.D., Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceJennifer Greene, The Nature Conservancy, Eastern DivisionJay Odell, The Nature Conservancy, VirginiaKevin Ruddock, The Nature Conservancy, Rhode IslandCaroly Shumway, Ph. D., Boston University© Terry Goss, Marine PhotobankNorthwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment • Phase 1 Report 9-
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionImportant s
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Coastal EcosystemsCHAPTER2Barbara V
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CHAPTER5Marine Fishes:Introduction
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Diadromous FishAlison BowdenCHAPTER
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Chapter 14 - Next StepsLiterature C
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