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Chapter 8 - Small Pelagic FishButterfish spawn offshore on shelf waters, and in andaround estuaries and bays, between June and August,with the timing of spawning moving northward as thewater warms (Overholtz 2006c). In general, they tendto prefer sandy bottoms rather than rocks or mud. Eggsare buoyant and hatch within several days, dependingon water temperatures (Bigelow and Schroeder 2002).Larvae inhabit the same waters, and in bays and estuariesare restricted to mixed and saline areas; the same is truefor juveniles. Juveniles are often associated with floatingseaweed, debris, and jellyfish where they find some protectionfrom predators, but they can survive without suchcover. Juveniles and adults move offshore and southwardin the fall, wintering along the bottom near the edge ofthe Continental Shelf off the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Duringthe spring, they begin moving northward and inshore tospawn, and in about a year from hatching at a length of 12cm, most are sexually mature and begin spawning with theolder adults. Most adults live only 2-3 years.Atlantic Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus)Atlantic menhaden are an estuarine-dependent, planktivorous,migratory species, occurring from central Floridato Nova Scotia (Bigelow and Schroeder 2002). They arefound from freshwater portions of tidal rivers to the oceanicwaters of the Continental Shelf, but are most commonin a more restricted range in bays and near-coastalwaters from North Carolina to Cape Cod. Feeding habitatis dependent on life stage: larvae feed on the shelf andin bays and estuaries, juveniles (primarily young-of-theyear)in heads of bays and estuaries and into freshwaterrivers, and subadults in estuaries and shelf waters primarilyfrom Delaware Bay to Florida. Adults, depending onsize, forage in bays, estuaries, and shelf waters from centralFlorida to Nova Scotia, with the larger, older fish swimmingthe furthest north (ASMFC 2004). Throughoutthe post-larval life stages and annual migratory range,feeding areas are generally characterized by high primaryproductivity, whether in freshwater, bays and estuaries,along shore, or on the shelf.Spawning occurs on the continental shelf throughouttheir migratory range in every month of the year (Bigelowand Schroeder 2002). Major spawning habitats are watersoff Virginia and North Carolina during Septemberand October and March through May, although spawningdoes occur in areas north of New Jersey/Long Island(Bigelow and Schroeder 2002). The bulk of recruitmentis attributed to the late winter-spring spawn off theChesapeake and subsequent larval and juvenile developmentin the bay (ASMFC 2004; Friedland 2007). Eggshatch in two to three days. Transported by currents onthe shelf, most of the larvae move into the Chesapeake,North Carolina coastal waters, and other bays and estuariesalong the Northwest Atlantic coast. The transitionfrom the larval to juvenile stage usually occurs inthe lower salinity zones of bays and estuaries, and latefall-spawned larvae can overwinter in the estuary. Adultsrange from the heads of estuaries to well offshore. Thefish migrate northward in the spring and summer with thelarger fish swimming farther (Griffin et al. 2007). Older,larger menhaden continue to spawn as they move northwardalong the coast, often outside of large estuaries butalso in Long Island Sound, the Peconic Bay system, andNarragansett Bay.Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment • Phase 1 Report 8-21
Chapter 8 - Small Pelagic FishLiterature CitedASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission). 2004. Addendum I to amendment I to the Interstate FisheryManagement Plan for Atlantic menhaden. http://www.asmfc.org/speciesDocuments/menhaden/fmps/addendum1.pdf.Auster, P. J. and L. L. Stewart. 1986. Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes andinvertebrates (North Atlantic): Sand lance. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service Biological Reports. 82 (11.66). U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 11 pp.Bigelow, H. B. and W. C. Schroeder. 2002. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. (3 rd Ed.) Bruce B. Collette and Grace Klein-MacPhee (Eds.) Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC. 748 pp.Cross, J. N., C. A. Zetlin, P. L. Berrien, D. L. Johnson, and C. McBride. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document:Butterfish, Peprilus triacanthus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Technical Memo. NMFS NE 145. 42 pp.Gottleib, S.J. 1998. Nutrient Removal by Age-0 Atlantic Menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in Chesapeake Bay andImplications for Seasonal Management of the Fishery. Ecological Modeling. 112 ( 2-3): 111-130.Hendrickson, L. C. and E. M. Holmes. 2004. Essential fish habitat source document: Northern shortfin squid, Illexillecebrosus, life history and habitat characteristics, Second Edition. NOAA Technical Memo. NMFS-NE-191. 36 p.http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/tm/tm191/index.htmHendrickson, L. and L. Jacobson. 2006. Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern U.S: Longfin inshore squid(Loligo pealeii). www.nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/iv/lfsquid/. Accessed 06/16/08Jacobson, L. 2005. Essential fish habitat source document: longfin inshore squid, Loligo pealeii, life history and habitatcharacteristics, Second Edition. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-193, 42 p.http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/tm/tm193/.Kenney, R. D., M. A. M. Hyman, R. E. Owen, G. P. Scott, and H. E. Winn. 1986. Estimation of prey densities requiredby western North Atlantic right whales. Marine Mammal Science. 2:1-13.Kennish, M. 2002. Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries. Environmental <strong>Conservation</strong>.29:1:78-107.Link, J.S., C.A. Griswold, E.T. Methratta, and J. Gunnard, eds. 2006. Documentation for the Energy Modeling andAnalysis eXercise (EMAX). US Department of Commerce, Northeast Fisheries Science Center. Ref. Doc. 06 15. 166 p.Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Striped Bass Seine Survey. Juvenile Index Page.http://www.dnr.state.md.us/fisheries/juvindex/index.htmlOverholtz, W.J. and K.D. Friedland. 2002. Recovery of the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank Atlantic herring(Clupea harengus) complex: Perspectives based on bottom trawl survey data. Fishery Bulletin. 100: 593-608.8-22Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment • Phase 1 Report
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionImportant s
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CHAPTER5Marine Fishes:Introduction
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Diadromous FishAlison BowdenCHAPTER
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