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Chapter 1 - IntroductionStevenson D., L. Chiarella, D. Stephan, R. Reid, K. Wilhelm, J. McCarthy, and M. Pentony. 2004. Characterization ofthe fishing practices and marine benthic ecosystems of the northeast US shelf, and an evaluation of the potential effectsof fishing on essential habitat. NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS NE 181; 179 p.Townsend, D. W., A. C. Thomas, L. M. Mayer, M. A. Thomas, and J. A. Quinlan. 2006. Oceanography of theNorthwest Atlantic continental shelf. In: A.R. Robinson and K.H. Brink, eds. The Sea: the Global Coastal Ocean:Interdisciplinary Regional Studies and Syntheses. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Pew Oceans Commission. 2003. America’s Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change, Philadelphia, PA. PewCharitable Trust.USCOP (United States Commission on Ocean Policy). 2004. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century: Final Reportof the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. Washington, DC.USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). 1997. Significant Habitats and Habitat Complexes of the New YorkBight Region. Southern New England-New York Bight Coastal Ecosystems Program. Charlestown, Rhode Island.U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/index.html. Accessed January 9, 2009.Walsh J. J., T. E. Whitledge, F. W. Barvenik, C. D. Wirick, S. O. Howe, W. E. Esaias, and J. T. Scott. 1978. Wind eventsand food chain dynamics within the New York Bight. Limnology and Oceanography. 23:659–683.Weiss, H. M. 1995. Marine animals of southern New England and New York. Bulletin 115 of the State Geological andNatural History Survey of Connecticut. Hartford, Connecticut: Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection.Wigley, R. L. and R. B. Theroux. 1981. Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of Faunal Composition and QuantitativeDistribution. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 529-N, pp. 1–198.Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment • Phase 1 Report 1-15
Coastal EcosystemsCHAPTER2Barbara Vickery, Marci Bortman, Carl Lobue, Ray Konisky, Jay Odell, and Arlene OliveroIntroduction: Coastal Communities at the Land-Sea InterfaceThe fringing ribbons of habitats that make up the land-sea interface maintain marine diversity and play critical roles forboth nearshore and offshore plants and animals. The Northwest Atlantic coastline is particularly well known for its hundredsof productive estuaries that provide juvenile nursery and spawning grounds for fish, mollusks, seabirds, and crabs.This <strong>report</strong> focuses specifically on the contributions that coastal ecosystems make to marine diversity.The edge of earth that meets the sea – what we call coastline– is the ultimate ecotone, a critical ecological transition,as dramatic and obvious a natural boundary as one can findon Earth. While well defined, coastlines are very dynamicover geologic time. Over millennia, estuarine and oceanshorelines have advanced and retreated thousands of kilometersinland and seaward, and back again in cycles. The zonewhere ocean meets earth includes diverse landforms thatare cut and shaped by waves and tides and by the continuousflow of new sediments carried by freshwater in coastalwatersheds. The adjacent shallow, well-lit, and productivecoastal waters give rise to habitats like the salt marshes, oyster reefs, and seagrass meadows discussed in this chapter, criticalhabitats that directly and indirectly support many of the species mentioned throughout this <strong>report</strong>.© Mark Godfrey, TNCThe coasts and estuaries in this region are also of great importance to humans. Tremendous material, aesthetic, andspiritual resources associated with shorelines have attracted and sustained humans for thousands of years. Our coastsand estuaries are where we live, recreate, work, and gather. They help support the economy and sustain us in many ways,including providing places to live, opportunities for tourism, shipping and transportation routes, commercial fishing, andseafood processing. Conversely, the malfunctioning of these systems in the form of pollution, habitat destruction, hypoxia,harmful algal blooms, fishery collapses, and increased coastal erosion can have devastating social and financial impactsfor coastal communities.Coasts and estuaries and their component organisms and habitats provide ecosystem services at multiple scales. For example,at the scale of meters, estuarine bivalves such as the Eastern oyster convert pelagic primary production into foodand habitat for benthic organisms and clear water for submerged vascular plants. At the kilometer scale, tidal wetlandvegetation cycles nutrients, sequesters carbon, and serves as a marine nursery. At the coast-wide scale, each estuary supportsa wide array of coastal migratory fishes, and at the global scale the network of estuaries in this region produces thefood that fuels shorebirds flying to Alaska and tuna swimming to the Mediterranean Sea.Recognizing the heterogeneity and ever-changing nature of the coastline, this section of the assessment reviews the historyof coastal systems in the region, provides an overview of coastal habitats such as salt marshes, seagrass beds, and oysterreefs, examines some of the threats and human interactions with these systems, provides an in-depth look at sea levelrise and reviews potential strategies for enhancing resilience of coastal systems.Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment • Phase 1 Report 2-
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Physical OceanographyCHAPTER4Caroly
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CHAPTER5Marine Fishes:Introduction
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Chapter 14 - Next StepsLiterature C
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