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Chapter 2 - Coastal EcosystemsFigure 2-5. Overlay of seven oyster distribution maps from Great Bay, New Hampshire. Colors indicate number of coincidentsurvey footprints (gray = 1, yellow = 2, green = 3, blue = 4, and red = 5). This analysis was used in preparation of the Great BayEstuarine Restoration Compendium to inform confidence levels regarding the validity of historic maps.2-10Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment • Phase 1 Report
Chapter 2 - Coastal Ecosystemsestuary, oysters in anarea closed to harvestdue to pollutionconcerns are thrivingand forming a threedimensionalreefstructure.Since 2005, theDelaware Bay OysterRestoration TaskForce has strategicallyplanted millions ofbushels of shellmaterial onto historicreef sites in DelawareBay (Figure 2-6),attaining initial goalsof equilibrium conditionsfor settlementhabitat. Recent observationssuggest thatrestoration efforts areleading to a substantial increase in juvenile oyster survival(DBOP 2009).Figure 2-6. Delaware Bay’s historic oyster reefs and restoration sites. This map image is reprintedcourtesy of the Delaware Bay Oyster Restoration Task Force.These are only two examples; additional oyster restorationprojects are proceeding or being initiated in many statesof the Northwest Atlantic region (MDNR 2009; NJB2009; VIMS 2009).Throughout the Northwest Atlantic, a combination offactors continues to limit prospects for effective oyster restoration.These factors include continued recreational andcommercial oyster harvest pressure, two oyster diseases(MSX and Dermo), excess sediments, reduced freshwaterflows, and dredging for navigation. The relative importanceand nature of these stresses varies substantiallygeographically. However, the long-held notion that oysterdiseases present an insurmountable barrier to effectiverestoration is yielding to increasing evidence that, with appropriateinvestment and protection of sufficient numbersof oysters within sanctuaries, native oyster restoration canbe very successful (Powers et al. in press).Lessons LearnedThe historical anecdotes and data summarized above provideevidence that the condition and geographic extent ofcoastal habitats and populations of key species are greatlydiminished compared to past times. At the same time,the outdated notion that undisturbed nature representsan ideal state has given way to a more realistic view - thatecosystems are dynamic, with multiple potential stablestates and ever-changing mosaics of diverse habitats. It isnot realistic to set restoration goals that attempt to recreatethe exact conditions of the past.With that caveat in mind, we also recognize that humanactivities have unintentionally altered many ecologicalprocesses necessary for the long term persistence of estuarinehabitats and the species that depend on them (Lotzeet al. 2006; UNEP 2006). Left unchecked, these alterationscan drive ecosystems into alternate and relativelystable states that are clearly undesirable, possibly includinghypoxic or anoxic “dead zones,” food webs simplified bythe loss of formerly dominant species, and a loss of naturalNorthwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment • Phase 1 Report 2-11
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Physical OceanographyCHAPTER4Caroly
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CHAPTER5Marine Fishes:Introduction
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Diadromous FishAlison BowdenCHAPTER
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Sea TurtleAdam Whelchel and Melissa
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