Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ...

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With this background, there is no present justification for the exclusion of any of the 160 siteoutcomes from possible CEPF funding. Conversely, it would be a waste of the available data notto recognize that some particularly important sites should be targeted. A mixed strategy for siteprioritization is therefore recommended.CEPF investments cannot achieve all of the conservation outcomes identified in this profile, but,by defining these outcomes on the basis of globally threatened species, CEPF can ensure that allits projects in this hotspot will be targeted toward globally significant biodiversity conservation.The outcome definition also means that CEPF and other donors, as well as conservationorganizations in general, can track the success of their investments and interventions, bymeasuring extinctions avoided and sites protected. This is particularly important for a globalprogram like CEPF, which has a responsibility to use resources in ways that achieve biodiversityconservation most effectively at a global scale.SOCIOECONOMIC FEATURESHumans evolved in Africa and have inhabited its landscapes for hundreds of thousands of years.Their power to change these landscapes has grown through the successive discoveries of fire,agriculture, technology, trade and fossil fuels. The use of fire in East Africa dates back at least60,000 years and the ability to smelt iron at least 2,000 years. Charcoal layers and earthenwarehave been discovered in the soils under good canopy forest in East Usambaras (Rodgers 1998).But it has been the ability of humans to tap the energy locked up in fossil fuels that has mosttransformed the planet. The population growth that this has enabled means that nearly allconservation problems today involve people and their needs and that socioeconomicconsiderations must be part of the solutions.Institutional FrameworkIn both Tanzania and Kenya, the institutional frameworks that structure the interactions of peopleand forests are largely an inheritance from the colonial governments. Both countries have a CivilService structure that includes ministries, permanent secretaries and national institutions(divisions, departments) dealing with different sectors of society and the economy. In Tanzania,the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) oversees four divisions (Wildlife (WD),Forest and Beekeeping (FBD), Fisheries and Tourism) and supervises five parastatal wildlifeorganizations including Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA), Tanzania ForestryResearch Institute (TAFORI) and the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI). Animportant function of TAWIRI is to issue research permits for all ecological and biologicalfieldwork in the country. In Zanzibar, the Zanzibar Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits andForestry (DCCFF), under the Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Natural Resources, administersforest resources and the area proposed to become the Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park.Research permits to work in Zanzibar and Pemba have to go through the Zanzibar authorities.In Kenya the forests are mostly under the Forest Department, within the Ministry ofEnvironment and Natural Resources. Other forest stakeholder institutions include the KenyaWildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) and the National Museumsof Kenya (NMK). In addition there are a large number of NGOs with interests in environmentand conservation in the hotspot.25
Government Institutional Framework for Forestry in TanzaniaIn Tanzania, the FBD is accountable to the permanent secretary in the Ministry of NaturalResources and Tourism (MNRT) and is responsible for the protection of forests and theproductive use of forest lands to meet demands for wood products. Until relatively recently,protection focused on watersheds rather than biodiversity and production involved harvesting ofindigenous hardwoods and the establishment of industrial plantations of pine and cypress. Nowthere is official recognition of the biodiversity values of the indigenous forest reserves withinFBD and the harvesting of indigenous hardwoods has been banned in conservation areas,including the Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests. The Government Catchment Forests (mainly inthe Uluguru and East Usambara Mountains) and the nature reserves have remained undergovernment control, administered by an FBD staff of eight forest officers and 57 assistant forestofficers (GEF 2002). Because of a national policy of decentralization, most of the remainingforests are managed at the district level under a variety of regimes. There are at least sixcategories of management status: Forest Reserves, Local Authority Forest Reserves, Monuments,Village Forest Reserves, Private Forest Reserves and Public Lands/Public Forest (WWF-EARPO2002b).There are three additional management categories in the Eastern Arc Mountains, which areoutside the FBD/District level framework for forests: National Parks, Game Reserves and NatureReserves. There are two national parks (Udzungwa Mountains National Park and MikumiNational Park) managed by the Tanzanian National Park Authority based in Arusha. There aretwo game reserves (Selous and Mkomazi) and one nature reserve (Amani) managed by theWildlife Division and the Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI). Nature Reservesenjoy a higher level of protection than Forest Reserves.A number of problems have been identified with the administrative framework of FBD, some ofwhich are exacerbated by the decentralized structure for forest management in Tanzania (GEF2002). These include:• emphasis on regulation and enforcement rather than on service delivery;• weak oversight on forest management, poor accountability and supervision.• ineffective fiscal procedures in terms of meeting objectives and delivering services;• poor revenue collection;• no institutional mechanisms for biodiversity conservation;• no scope for the public financing of biodiversity conservation;• no institutional recognition of the needs of local communities; and• diverse and complex tenure systems.These and other institutional problems are being addressed by major reforms in the Tanzanianforest sector. A proposed $62.2 million dollar project (Forest Conservation and ManagementProject) funded by GEF, World Bank and the IDA would implement the reforms. A major outputof this project would be the establishment of the Tanzania Forest Service (TFS), which would beresponsible for the implementation of the National Forest Programme (see below).Government Institutional Framework for Forestry in KenyaIn Kenya, there is a great deal of overlap in the institutional planning, implementation,management and monitoring of environmental policies and legislation. In 1992, the National26
Page 1 and 2: Eastern Arc Mountainsand Coastal Fo
Page 3 and 4: CEPF FACT SHEETEastern Arc Mountain
Page 5 and 6: ECOSYSTEM PROFILEEASTERN ARC MOUNTA
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTSINTRODUCTION...............
Page 9 and 10: BACKGROUNDInternational interest in
Page 11 and 12: In terms of plant biogeography, the
Page 13 and 14: Mountains are all taken from Newmar
Page 15 and 16: The degree of faunal endemism in th
Page 17 and 18: The largest of the Kenyan forest re
Page 19 and 20: percent) of the Kenyan coastal fore
Page 21 and 22: corridor outcomes are being defined
Page 23 and 24: nine globally threatened species an
Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Numbers of sites with Crit
Page 27: Figure 1 (continued)*Site # Site Na
Page 31 and 32: Nongovernmental OrganizationsEast A
Page 33 and 34: 4. Support the government policy of
Page 35 and 36: Box 1 National Forest Policy goal a
Page 37 and 38: (d) Forestry Based Industries and P
Page 39 and 40: Other coastal mineral resources of
Page 41 and 42: The major social trend in both coun
Page 43 and 44: Table 3. Major threats in the Easte
Page 45 and 46: Commercial Timber ExtractionThere h
Page 47 and 48: Ranking of Threats in TanzaniaBecau
Page 49 and 50: • Decision-makers inadequately in
Page 51 and 52: long-term funding and institutional
Page 53 and 54: years due to a lack of funding. Oth
Page 55 and 56: GEF-UNDP or GTZ support, as did the
Page 57 and 58: During the group and plenary discus
Page 59 and 60: concentrate on synergistic and dire
Page 61 and 62: 2. Restore and increase connectivit
Page 63 and 64: compiling lists of species and asse
Page 65 and 66: CEPF will support efforts to raise
Page 67 and 68: ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXTACCAW
Page 69 and 70: REFERENCESAxelrod, D.I. & P.H. Rave
Page 71 and 72: Kesley, M. G. & T. E. S. Langton. 1
Page 73 and 74: patterns, diversity and endemism. B
Page 75 and 76: Taphozous hildegardeae + x xBirds 3
Page 77 and 78: Baphia macrocalyx +Baphia pauloi +B
Page 79 and 80:
Kotschya platyphylla +Kraussia spec
Page 81 and 82:
Sibangea pleioneura +Sorindeia cala
Page 83 and 84:
Kaya Jibana KE 1 7 8 8Kaya Rabai KE
Page 85 and 86:
Pangani (Hale-Makinjumbe) TZ 1 1 1P
Page 87 and 88:
Buxus obtusifolia VU PCroton jatrop
Page 89 and 90:
Kraussia speciosa VU PMkilua fragra
Page 91 and 92:
Mesogyne insignis VU PMildbraedia c
Page 93 and 94:
Synsepalumsubverticillatum VU PTare
Page 95 and 96:
Kaya Muhaka KE 4.33 39.53Vitellario
Page 97 and 98:
Anthus sokokensis EN BAoranthe pend
Page 99 and 100:
Gigasiphon macrosiphon EN PGuibourt
Page 101 and 102:
Coffeapseudozanguebariae VU PRhynch
Page 103 and 104:
Nguru Mountains TZ 6.09 37.51 32908
Page 105 and 106:
(Pande game reserve, DondweFR)Coffe
Page 107 and 108:
Tarenna drummondii VU PTessmannia d
Page 109 and 110:
Shimoni Forests KE 4.65 39.38Paraxe
Page 111 and 112:
magnistipulataMacaranga conglomerat
Page 113 and 114:
Canthium siebenlistii VU PCephaloph
Page 115 and 116:
longipedunculatumDiospyros amaniens
Page 117 and 118:
(Uluguru North FR, UluguruSouth FR,
Page 119 and 120:
Scolecomorphus vittatus VU ASuregad
Page 121 and 122:
Neohemsleyausambarensis VU POcotea
Page 123 and 124:
An Overview of CEPF’s Portfolio i
Page 125 and 126:
them. Government, local community a
Page 127 and 128:
5. Develop and support efforts for
Page 129 and 130:
Reviewers look at:• the relevance
Page 131 and 132:
Box 1: Udzungwa Mountains National
Page 133 and 134:
established in the region and elsew
Page 136:
Eastern Arc Mountains Portfolio Pro
Page 139 and 140:
CEPF Investment Coordination and Su
Page 141 and 142:
Conservation Ecology of the Endange
Page 143 and 144:
Stakeholders Identify Priorities fo
Page 145 and 146:
Tanzania Seizes 157 Containers of T
Page 147 and 148:
CEPF Set for Expansionhttp://www.ce
Page 150 and 151:
Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal F
Page 152 and 153:
T H E A R C J O U R N A L I S S U E
Page 154 and 155:
Kenya Times Newspaperfile://D:\East
Page 156 and 157:
La Tanzanie et le Kenya reçoivent
Page 158:
The Dominion: Tiomin Given Final Ap
Page 161 and 162:
The Dominion: Tiomin Given Final Ap
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