Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ...

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INTRODUCTIONThe Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is designed to safeguard the world's threatenedbiodiversity hotspots in developing countries. It is a joint initiative of Conservation International(CI), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Government of Japan, the MacArthurFoundation and the World Bank. CEPF supports projects in hotspots, the biologically richest andmost endangered areas on Earth.A fundamental purpose of CEPF is to ensure that civil society is engaged in efforts to conservebiodiversity in the hotspots. An additional purpose is to ensure that those efforts complementexisting strategies and frameworks established by local, regional and national governments.CEPF aims to promote working alliances among community groups, nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs), government, academic institutions and the private sector, combiningunique capacities and eliminating duplication of efforts for a comprehensive approach toconservation. CEPF is unique among funding mechanisms in that it focuses on biological areasrather than political boundaries and examines conservation threats on a corridor-wide basis toidentify and support a regional, rather than a national, approach to achieving conservationoutcomes. Corridors are determined through a process of identifying important species, site andcorridor-level conservation outcomes for the hotspot. CEPF targets transboundary cooperationwhen areas rich in biological value straddle national borders, or in areas where a regionalapproach will be more effective than a national approach.The Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya hotspot (hereafterreferred to as the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests hotspot) is one of the smallest ofthe 25 global biodiversity hotspots. 1 It qualifies by virtue of its high endemicity and a severedegree of threat. Although the hotspot ranks low compared to other hotspots in total numbers ofendemic species, it ranks first among the 25 hotspots in the number of endemic plant andvertebrate species per unit area (Myers et al. 2000). It also shows a high degree of congruencefor plants and vertebrates. It is also considered as the hotspot most likely to suffer the most plantand vertebrate extinction for a given loss of habitat and as one of 11 “hyperhot” priorities forconservation investment (Brooks et al. 2002).THE ECOSYSTEM PROFILEThe purpose of the ecosystem profile is to provide an overview of biodiversity values,conservation targets or “outcomes,” the causes of biodiversity loss and current conservationinvestments in a particular hotspot. Its purpose is to identify the niche where CEPF investmentscan provide the greatest incremental value.The ecosystem profile recommends strategic opportunities, called “strategic funding directions.”Civil society organizations then propose projects and actions that fit into these strategicdirections and contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in the hotspot. Applicants proposespecific projects consistent with these funding directions and investment criteria. The ecosystemprofile does not define the specific activities that prospective implementers may propose, butoutlines the conservation strategy that guides those activities. Applicants for CEPF grants arerequired to prepare detailed proposals identifying and describing the interventions andperformance indicators that will be used to evaluate the success of the project.1 At the time this document was prepared in 2003, the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests region wasclassified as a biodiversity hotspot itself. However, a hotspots reappraisal released in 2005 places this region withintwo new hotspots - the Eastern Afromontane Hotspot and the Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa Hotspot. Thisprofile and CEPF investments focus strictly on the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests comprising theoriginal hotspot as defined in this document.5
BACKGROUNDInternational interest in the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests hotspot has increasedover the last three decades as the realization of its biodiversity importance and of the globalcrisis affecting tropical forests has deepened. Although descriptions of the wealth of biodiversityin the forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains date back to 1860 and there has been outstandingscientific work in the hotspot during the last 100 years, concerns for its conservation arerelatively recent. Until about 30 years ago, nearly all the investment in the forests of the area hadbeen in plantations, many of which were established after clearing indigenous forest.The situation is now greatly changed and the last decade has seen a series of publications,workshops and conferences on the biodiversity and conservation of this hotspot (mostlyorganized by the United Nations Development Programme/Global Environment Facility(UNDP/GEF) and the WWF Eastern Africa Regional Programme Office (WWF-EARPO).These have produced a wealth of recent information on biodiversity issues (in particular on thedistribution of endemic species across sites) and on forest status and management. Thisinformation has greatly reduced the time and effort needed to prepare this profile.Current concerns for the conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountains date back to the 1978Fourth East African Wildlife Symposium at Arusha. The conference was attended by 150delegates, most of whom were not especially interested in forest conservation. However, a postconferencetrip to Amani in the East Usambaras resulted in a report to the Government ofTanzania, drawing its attention to the biological importance of and threats to the Eastern ArcMountains (Rodgers 1998).In 1983, the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) was founded. In December 1997,there was a landmark international conference on the Eastern Arc Mountains at Morogoro,Tanzania attended by more than 250 delegates (Burgess et al. 1998a). During this conference,working groups reported on urgent issues such as the status of the remaining forest andparticipants presented papers on biodiversity, sociology and management. Much of the morerecent conservation effort in the Eastern Arc Mountains dates from this conference, although oneof the most important of these had already started with a UNDP/DANIDA project. This led inturn to a GEF Project Development Fund (PDF) Block A proposal and grant to characterize theconservation issues in the Eastern Arc Mountains in more detail.The Block A process started after the December 1997 conference and included preliminaryassessments of biodiversity values, conservation concerns, priority actions, financial constraints,sustainable financing opportunities, effectiveness of previous donor interventions and thedevelopment of preliminary proposals for GEF projects in the Eastern Arc Mountains. A threewaymatrix was constructed showing levels of biodiversity and endemism, the degree of threatand the level and effectiveness of previous interventions. This enabled a ranking exercise thatrevealed that three of the main forest blocks (East Usambaras, Udzungwas and Ulugurus) wereexceptionally diverse and that there was no major donor or public support for the Ulugurus. TheUlugurus, therefore, became a focus in the development of a PDF Block B proposal supportedby UNDP and the World Bank. This PDF/B involved extensive stakeholder consultations andresulted in: 1) an outline and plan for a participatory and strategic approach to conservation andmanagement in the Eastern Arc Mountains; 2) proposals for institutional reforms in the forestsector with a particular focus on facilitating participatory forest conservation and management;3) a needs assessment for priority pilot interventions in the Ulugurus; and 4) the legalestablishment of an Eastern Arc Mountains Endowment Fund (EAMCEF). The outcomes fromthis process were integrated into larger forest biodiversity concerns and into a proposed $62.2million Tanzania Forest Conservation and Management Project.6
Page 1 and 2: Eastern Arc Mountainsand Coastal Fo
Page 3 and 4: CEPF FACT SHEETEastern Arc Mountain
Page 5 and 6: ECOSYSTEM PROFILEEASTERN ARC MOUNTA
Page 7: CONTENTSINTRODUCTION...............
Page 11 and 12: In terms of plant biogeography, the
Page 13 and 14: Mountains are all taken from Newmar
Page 15 and 16: The degree of faunal endemism in th
Page 17 and 18: The largest of the Kenyan forest re
Page 19 and 20: percent) of the Kenyan coastal fore
Page 21 and 22: corridor outcomes are being defined
Page 23 and 24: nine globally threatened species an
Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Numbers of sites with Crit
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1 (continued)*Site # Site Na
Page 29 and 30: Government Institutional Framework
Page 31 and 32: Nongovernmental OrganizationsEast A
Page 33 and 34: 4. Support the government policy of
Page 35 and 36: Box 1 National Forest Policy goal a
Page 37 and 38: (d) Forestry Based Industries and P
Page 39 and 40: Other coastal mineral resources of
Page 41 and 42: The major social trend in both coun
Page 43 and 44: Table 3. Major threats in the Easte
Page 45 and 46: Commercial Timber ExtractionThere h
Page 47 and 48: Ranking of Threats in TanzaniaBecau
Page 49 and 50: • Decision-makers inadequately in
Page 51 and 52: long-term funding and institutional
Page 53 and 54: years due to a lack of funding. Oth
Page 55 and 56: GEF-UNDP or GTZ support, as did the
Page 57 and 58: During the group and plenary discus
Page 59 and 60:
concentrate on synergistic and dire
Page 61 and 62:
2. Restore and increase connectivit
Page 63 and 64:
compiling lists of species and asse
Page 65 and 66:
CEPF will support efforts to raise
Page 67 and 68:
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXTACCAW
Page 69 and 70:
REFERENCESAxelrod, D.I. & P.H. Rave
Page 71 and 72:
Kesley, M. G. & T. E. S. Langton. 1
Page 73 and 74:
patterns, diversity and endemism. B
Page 75 and 76:
Taphozous hildegardeae + x xBirds 3
Page 77 and 78:
Baphia macrocalyx +Baphia pauloi +B
Page 79 and 80:
Kotschya platyphylla +Kraussia spec
Page 81 and 82:
Sibangea pleioneura +Sorindeia cala
Page 83 and 84:
Kaya Jibana KE 1 7 8 8Kaya Rabai KE
Page 85 and 86:
Pangani (Hale-Makinjumbe) TZ 1 1 1P
Page 87 and 88:
Buxus obtusifolia VU PCroton jatrop
Page 89 and 90:
Kraussia speciosa VU PMkilua fragra
Page 91 and 92:
Mesogyne insignis VU PMildbraedia c
Page 93 and 94:
Synsepalumsubverticillatum VU PTare
Page 95 and 96:
Kaya Muhaka KE 4.33 39.53Vitellario
Page 97 and 98:
Anthus sokokensis EN BAoranthe pend
Page 99 and 100:
Gigasiphon macrosiphon EN PGuibourt
Page 101 and 102:
Coffeapseudozanguebariae VU PRhynch
Page 103 and 104:
Nguru Mountains TZ 6.09 37.51 32908
Page 105 and 106:
(Pande game reserve, DondweFR)Coffe
Page 107 and 108:
Tarenna drummondii VU PTessmannia d
Page 109 and 110:
Shimoni Forests KE 4.65 39.38Paraxe
Page 111 and 112:
magnistipulataMacaranga conglomerat
Page 113 and 114:
Canthium siebenlistii VU PCephaloph
Page 115 and 116:
longipedunculatumDiospyros amaniens
Page 117 and 118:
(Uluguru North FR, UluguruSouth FR,
Page 119 and 120:
Scolecomorphus vittatus VU ASuregad
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Neohemsleyausambarensis VU POcotea
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An Overview of CEPF’s Portfolio i
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them. Government, local community a
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5. Develop and support efforts for
Page 129 and 130:
Reviewers look at:• the relevance
Page 131 and 132:
Box 1: Udzungwa Mountains National
Page 133 and 134:
established in the region and elsew
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Eastern Arc Mountains Portfolio Pro
Page 139 and 140:
CEPF Investment Coordination and Su
Page 141 and 142:
Conservation Ecology of the Endange
Page 143 and 144:
Stakeholders Identify Priorities fo
Page 145 and 146:
Tanzania Seizes 157 Containers of T
Page 147 and 148:
CEPF Set for Expansionhttp://www.ce
Page 150 and 151:
Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal F
Page 152 and 153:
T H E A R C J O U R N A L I S S U E
Page 154 and 155:
Kenya Times Newspaperfile://D:\East
Page 156 and 157:
La Tanzanie et le Kenya reçoivent
Page 158:
The Dominion: Tiomin Given Final Ap
Page 161 and 162:
The Dominion: Tiomin Given Final Ap
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