Evaluation Sourcebook (.pdf) - School of Natural Resources and ...

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THREATSEcological | Management | Social | Understanding or Attitudes | OrganizationalWATER DIVERSION (ALTERED HYDROLOGY)Water diversion is the movement or alteration of the natural path of water as it travelsacross a watershed, and it can result from both large and small-scale human activities.Water diversions affect not only the storage andflow of water (Water quantity and hydrology, p.44), but also aspects of Water quality (p. 42) such astemperature or oxygen levels and all the organismsthat depend on that water for survival andreproduction.There are many forms of water diversion that mayhinder progress towards a goal of “naturalwaterways.” These include:• Dams, which can change the landscape bothabove and below the dam, including the frequency and distribution of flooding – akey natural disturbance in many systems;• Concrete banks along rivers, which can affect water speed, turbidity and flooding.• Diversion for irrigation from rivers, lakes and streams, which can affect water tablesand consequently water quality and the ability of fish and other organisms topersist.• Conversion of wetlands, directly or indirectly, which is also critical to many specieshabitats and even drinking water quality. Wetlands absorb and filter surface-waterrunoff from higher lands before the water reaches rivers, streams and lakes,reducing flooding and the excess additions of pollutants and nutrients into thewaterway.You can assess how well you are addressing this threat by tracking changes in the scopeand extent of water diversions, what causes them and their ecosystem consequences.Sample evaluation questions and indicatorsX To what extent are surface and groundwater flows being diverted? Number of dams per 100 miles of streamPercent of flows divertedIncidence of stream scouring due to extreme runoffPercent impervious surface in the watershed (pavement, etc.)Number of irrigation wellsNumber of river miles with concrete banks or rip-rappedExtent of hardened lake shorelineX To what extent does the dam slow or alter the natural flow patterns? Frequency, duration, timing, magnitude and rate of flow changesGroundwater accretion to surface watersNet recharge and withdrawals from groundwaterEcosystem Management Initiative 114
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES THREATS ASSETS STRATEGIESX To what extent is fish passage affected? Number of non-passable irrigation diversions or road culvertsNumber of fish killed in turbinesChange in behavior of fish at fish laddersChange in number of sensitive or endangered fish species before and afterdam additionX To what extent do flow patterns affect erosion downstream? Frequency of channel incision downstream of damAmount of bank erosion downstream of damData sources• USGS water gauges and maps: http://water.usgs.gov/nsip;http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch, http://ngmdb.usgs.gov• Local or regional drain commissions• USFWS Fish passage websitehttp://fisheries.fws.gov/FWSMA/FishPassage/fpprgs/overview.htm• American Rivers dam removal tool kithttp://www.americanrivers.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AMR_content_8cf8• FERC: http://www.ferc.gov• State DNR, DEQ, etc.ExampleMorro Bay National Estuary Program (MBNEP) –Morro Bay in California is one of the largest remainingestuaries along the California coastline, yet the health ofthe estuary is threatened because the two creeks that flowinto the estuary are heavily diverted for municipal andagricultural use. On-stream reservoir reduces summer surface water flows, and levees alongthe streams affect water quality. Sensitive species in the creek drainages, includingsteelhead trout and the endangered tidewater goby, have been impacted. MBNEP hasaddressed the issues of water diversion and developed a Comprehensive Conservation andManagement Plan that details their action plans, as well as their programmatic andenvironmental objectives. They measure the threat of water diversion and its consequencesin terms of (i) water quality and habitat changes over time; (ii) species diversity and streamecology; (iii) percent increase in critical habitat types; (iv) changes in stream cross-sectionsand profiles; and (v) changes in stream classifications to more stable areas.For more information see: http://www.mbnep.org/conservation/ andhttp://www.epa.gov/OWOW/estuaries/about3.htmEvaluation Sourcebook 115
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The Ecosystem Management Initiative
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Ecosystem Management Initiativeii
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SOCIAL OBJECTIVES..................
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SUPPORT OF KEY PEOPLE OR ORGANIZATI
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Ecosystem Management Initiative 2
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INTRODUCTIONMULTIPLE MEASURES OF PR
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INTRODUCTIONWHAT MAKES A GOOD INDIC
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INTRODUCTIONHOW TO USE THE SOURCEBO
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INTRODUCTIONHow do I use the Source
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INTRODUCTIONSOURCES OF INFORMATION
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ECOLOGICALOBJECTIVESLandscape | Hab
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ECOLOGICALOBJECTIVESIntroductionDif
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ECOLOGICALOBJECTIVESLandscape..| Ha
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SOCIALOBJECTIVESEconomy | Community
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SOCIALOBJECTIVESIntroductionLike th
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STRATEGIESRestore/Manage | Econ./Co
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STRATEGIESIntroductionHow well have
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p. 80 Kahn, Jason. Burns Park Schoo
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INDEXAcquisitions, 28, 31, 180Adapt
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