Corporate Magazine 2012 - Boehringer Ingelheim

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'PRL 95, 205503 (2005)PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS week ending11 NOVEMBER 2005capacitor was placed inside a 37 mm internal diameterTeflon container, which itself closely fitted inside thehigh-pressure cylinder of internal diameter 45 mm of ahigh-pressure assembly [16], and then connected to aSolartron 1260 impedance analyzer. The Teflon cell wasfilled with ca. 25 ml of pure water (tissue-culture gradewater supplied by Sigma or water purified by using Milli-Q® Ultrapure WaterSystems) or water doped with a minuteamount of KOH (1:7 10 4 mole fraction). (The KOHdoping decreases the dielectric relaxation time in ice Ih due‘‘to the release of water molecules from the ice rule’’ [17]so that the relaxation can be studied during the pathtowards amorphization, but those results will be publishedelsewhere. In the course of the experiments with the KOHdopant, the unexpected relaxation behavior of HDA wasestablished. As described below, the failure rate in theseexperiments is very high, and the demonstrated insignificanteffect of doping on the relaxation behavior of HDAjustifies the use of the data also for the doped water toobtain a more complete picture. The reason for the lack ofdoping effect might be due to the amorphous structure ofHDA, which makes the ice rules irrelevant, and/or segregationof the dopant during pressurization.) The cell wassealed with a tightly fitting, 5 mm thick Teflon cover andthe piston inserted. The whole assembly was placed in avacuum chamber and load was applied [16]. The pressurein the cell was determined from the ratio of load to area towhich a correction for friction was applied. This correctionhad been previously established in a separate, in situ,experiment by using the pressure dependence of the resistanceof a manganin wire. Temperature was varied by usinga built-in helium cryostat equipped with a heater, andpressure on the sample was computer-monitored continuously.Their accuracy was 0:3 Kand 0:05 GPa.The high-pressure vessel, containing water at0:04 GPa, was cooled from 298 K to about 100 K.Thereafter, its temperature was raised and stabilized at125–130 K, which took a total of 10 h. The pressure wasthen raised at the average rate of 0:1 GPa=h. The heatingrate was typically 15 K=h and cooling rate 10 K=h, near150 K. Thus, one set of experiments took a continuousperiod of several days. The temperature difference betweenthe sample and the Teflon cell wall [differential thermalanalysis (DTA)] was measured continuously to determinewater’s transformation. Because of frequent rapid crystallizationduring pressurizing from 0.8 to 1.1 GPa, the iceamorphizationrange, the success rate in these experimentswas only 20%. In total, five experiments were successfulin obtaining HDA ice: three with pure water, which wereused for measurements at pressures below 0.1 GPa and at1 GPa, and two with KOH-doped water, which were usedfor measurements at 0.4 and 1 GPa.Figure 1 shows that the capacitance C 0 measured for1 MHz frequency increases at 0.75 GPa in a stretchedsigmoid shape manner as hexagonal ice at 130 Kamorphizes to a high-density amorphous ice, in agreementC' (nF)0.90.80.70.60.50.4CapacitanceThermal conductivityHexagonal iceAmorphization range0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2p (GPa)High-densityamorphous iceFIG. 1 (color online). The dielectric capacitance at 1 MHzfrequency of KOH-doped hexagonal ice (see experimental details)and thermal conductivity at 130 K [18] is plotted againstthe pressure.with previous results [18]. Pressure was then decreased to1 GPa, and the sample at this pressure was heated whilerecording the dielectric spectra (Fig. 2). The spectra at130 K show only the high frequency part of a relaxationpeak. As temperature is increased, the peak shifts to ahigher frequency and finally appears in the spectra above140 K. The decrease in the height of the dielectric loss " 00peak (or C 00 peak) at higher temperature shows that boththe pure and doped samples (see experimental details)begin to crystallize on heating above 150 K. Simultaneouslyrecorded DTA data (not provided here) showed asmall, slowly growing exothermic effect which reached alocal maximum at 150 K, thus verifying nucleation oronset of a slow crystallization, which accelerated above150 K. It has been shown previously that VHDA crystallizesto ices VI and XII on slow heating near 1 GPa [19].C ' (nF )C '' (nF )(a)20151050(b)6420132.1 K137.1 K142.9 K146.0 K148.7 K150.7 K152.7 K154.7 K158.8 K0 1 2 3 4log (f,Hz)ε'40ε '80400(d)20(c)543210κ (W m -1 K -1 )130.7 K135.7 K140.8 K145.8 K150.9 K155.9 K00 1 2 3 4 5log (f,Hz)FIG. 2 (color online). The dielectric loss spectra for:(a),(b) KOH-doped HDA and (c),(d) pure HDA at 1 GPa atdifferent T.205503-2
our businesses66 [ prescription medicines ]67 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES70 REDUCING STROKE RISK IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION73 CONTROLLING HYPERTENSION ANDCARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION76 LIVING BETTER WITH DIABETES79 THE TRUE FACE OF COPD82 PERSPECTIVES ON INNOVATIVE BUSINESSMODELS84 MARKET ACCESS FOR NEW MEDICINES86 PASSIONATELY ENABLING GROWTH88 [ consumer health care ]89 STAY HEALTHY TO ENJOY YOUR FREEDOM90 FROM PRESCRIPTION TO SELF-MEDICATION92 [ biopharmaceuticals & biosimilars ]93 BIOPHARMACEUTICALS –MEDICINES FOR THE FUTURE94 INNOVATION DRIVERS IN BIOPHARMACEUTICALS97 BIOSIMILARS – PERSPECTIVES FOR PATIENTS98 [ animal health ]99 COMPREHENSIVE ANIMAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT101 FRONT LINE RESEARCH104 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES IN ANIMAL HEALTH106 A FUTURE FOR VULTURES IN INDIAproduction network112 MANAGING QUALITY114 SECURE SUPPLY CHAINS GUARANTEEDour markets120 EUROPE - MARKETS IN TRANSITION124 USA - FUNDAMENTAL REFORMS126 JAPAN - HEALTHCARE FINANCING UNCLEARCONTENT
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