Untitled - Malaysian Institute of Planners

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M.Zainora AsmawiThe Future of Coastal Management Programme in Malaysia: Making the Coast Visible to PlannersThe Malaysian context echoes the international picture, though at aslower pace. Evidence of environmental degradation, with reference to seriouscoastal erosion problems in the early 1980s, triggered some initial action oncoastal management. Due to those problems, the Government launched theNational Coastal Erosion Study (1984-1985) under the Environment andNatural Resources Division of the Economic Planning Unit (EPU) in the officeof the Prime Minister (Basiron, 1998; Loi, 1993 in Cicin-Sain & Knecht, 1998).Consequently, two important institutions related to coastal management wereestablished in 1987: the Coastal Engineering Technical Centre (CETC) and theNational Coastal Erosion Control Council (NCECC). Another major nationallevelcoastal area management effort involved the Environmental ImpactAssessment prescribed by the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127). Atthe national level, coastal management activities are co-ordinated on a project orprogramme basis by the Office of the Prime Minister’s Environment andNatural Resources Division.More major efforts at the local level are aimed at integrated coastalzone management (Basiron, 1998). In 1992, the first Coastal ResourcesManagement Plan for South Johore (CRMPSJ) was prepared with support fromvarious agencies: the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN); theUnited States Agency for International Development (USAID); the CoastalResources Management Project of the Ministry of Science, Technology andEnvironment; the Implementation Co-ordination Unit of the Office of the PrimeMinister; and the Department of Fisheries (Ministry of Science, Technology andthe Environment, 1992). There are three pilot projects for CM initiatives beingundertaken in Sabah, Sarawak and Penang in 1999 to formulate an CM strategyat the respective State level (Jakobsen, Hartstein, Frachisse and Golingi, 2007).According to Basiron (1998), the main aim of the projects is to have all states inMalaysia replicate the effort and then produce their respective CM programmes.The progress in CM in these states represents the Malaysian commitment toChapter 17 of Agenda 21. These actions should provide the basis for developingfurther workable frameworks for coastal zone management plans in Malaysia(Basiron, 1998). The recent project for the coastal management initiative at thelocal level is the Port Klang CM programme (2001). However, the success ofthese coastal management plans still has to be evaluated. In 2011, the Town andCountry Planning Department (Federal) conducts a study on Physical Plan forNational Coastal Zones (Rancangan Fizikal Zon Persisiran Pantai Negara), acomprehensive study on coastal environment in relation to planning aspect. Thisis a positive effort considering that the nation’s coastline is facing variouschallenges due to the climate change effects globally. More importantly, it is© 2012 by MIP 128
PLANNING MALAYSIAJournal of the Malaysia Institute of Planners (2012)expected that the report is applicable to become as a workable mechanism incoastal management. Although there are difficulties in implementing Chapter 17of Agenda 21 in the local context (Chong, L.S., 2001), Malaysia has acceptedthe challenge of this agenda as evidenced by taking early steps in launchingprogrammes on coastal management and establishing government-relatedagencies under various ministries (Harakunarak, 2001). The Agenda provides agood framework to distil valuable lessons that could pave the way for the wiseuse of coastal resources through sustainable coastal management in Malaysia.Focusing on the Malaysian scenario, the conceptual idea of TP as a toolin CM applies to Malaysia. However, the interaction between these twoactivities is limited. The establishment of the TP system in Peninsular Malaysiadates back 30 years, whereas the CM system only started 14 years ago whichmakes it quite new in the national development agenda. The differences in theirsetting up put them apart. The legal backup of TP (i.e. Town and CountryPlanning Act 1976, Act 172) places it in a strong position while CM has nostatutory basis. CM needs support for its operation and for implementation. IfCM is to succeed, it demands serious attention to resolve these planning anddevelopment issues as well as issues related to other sectors. Since TP has amore established status in Malaysia, it could be the key to the successfulimplementation of the development related aspects of CM, like coastalsettlement development and tourism. Town planner is one of the keystakeholders in planning and managing coastal areas that could contribute to asustainable coastal management. In line with that, this paper tries to assist byinvestigating how town planners via the TP system can contribute best to CM inthe Malaysian context.LITERATURE REVIEW ON TOWN PLANNING AND COASTALMANAGEMENTMany parts of the coast around the world are considered risk areas becausesignificant coastal erosion, pollution, flooding, hurricane and tsunami eventsoccur frequently in many coastal nations. Coastal hazards are created wherenatural processes interact with, and threaten, human environments (Klee, 1999).This situation requires good management of coastal areas. Jones andWestmacott (1993), the Department of the Environment (1995) and Haslett(2008) suggest that the dominant elements of CM are the coastal resources andcoastal system itself, and human intervention in terms of skillful planning andmanagement within the coastal zone. The United Nations (1982) also recognises129© 2012 by MIP
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Norainah Abdul Rahman, Dasimah Omar
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Untitled - Malaysian Institute of Planners

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