Ethno-Racial Inequality in the City of Toronto: An Analysis of the ...

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question, described above. The “Canadian” response was disregarded for respondents who gave anyother answer in addition. This reduced the number of “Canadian” responses to just 5.2 percent of thepopulation.Combining GroupsAlthough the Census is a very, very large survey, it was still necessary to set a minimum size for theethno-racial groups to be analyzed. The questions about ethnicity and racial identification, as well as thedetailed questions about education, jobs and income, are included on what is known as the “long form” ofthe Census questionnaire, which is distributed to every fifth dwelling; the other four fifths of dwellingsreceive a short questionnaire that allows the entire population to be counted and classified according toage and a few other characteristics.Even though the long form Census collects information about 450,000 individuals, there were notenough responses to produce reliable statistics for some groups, for example people who are Nigerian,Guatemalan or Welsh. So it was necessary to combine some ethno-racial groups in larger categories,even if the result was to hide potentially interesting detail. For example, the different Central Americanorigins were combined, even though the result is that Costa Ricans, who come to Canada from a stableand relatively prosperous nation, cannot be separated from the Guatemalans, Nicaraguans andSalvadoreans who come from much poorer countries, which have also experienced civil war.The guideline, roughly, was to combine groups so that at least 500 Census returns were available foreach group. Due to the one in five sample, these respondents speak for communities with at least 2,500members. Among the other combined groups are: “other African nations,” which includes all Africannationalities, except for Ethiopians, Ghanaians and Somalis (for whom there is sufficient data for separateanalysis); “other Caribbean nations,” which excludes Barbadians, Guyanese, Jamaicans, (the combinationof) Trinidadians and Tobagonians, and “West Indians,” a regional category used by Census respondentsthemselves “other East/Southeast Asian and Pacific Islanders”; and so on.Like any sample survey, the Census results are subject to sampling error: one would not obtainexactly the same answers if a new sample had been selected, even at exactly the same moment as the first.For producing aggregate statistics, such as the age distribution, the minimum population of 2500 isacceptable, but for smaller ethno-racial groups the Census sample is not large enough to provide areasonable basis for estimates of youth unemployment and other characteristics of smaller subgroups. Inthe Tables, three dashes are used to indicate that cannot be estimated reliably.Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 7
“Multiple” ResponsesClassifying the nearly one-third of Torontonians who gave two or more answers to the questionabout their origins required a series of steps, which progressively cut down the number of peopleremaining to be classified. Most combinations of origins involve nationalities from the same globalregion or reflect traditional patterns of migration, such as from South Asia to the Caribbean. Only oneexact combination of ancestries, for French and British origins, included enough individuals to be used asa separate category. In other cases, it was necessary to group the responses. For example, people withEnglish and Italian ancestry were classified in in the more general category for “British and otherEuropean.”Individuals who identified themselves in terms of a “racial” group that was consistent with theirnational origin, such as the combination of “Spanish” and “Argentinian” or “Jamaican” and “Black” wereclassified with their nationality, in these cases Argentinian and Jamaican, respectively. Respondentswhose responses referred to the same global region were placed in general categories for that region, suchas South American and South Asian. There are also separate categories for two or more Britishethnicities, such as Scottish and Irish (“Multiple British”), and for two or more Southern Europeannationalities (“Multiple Southern Europe”).Individuals who reported two or more dissimilar origins were classified according to the mostvisible group. For example, people who were Aboriginal and French were placed in the category for“Aboriginal and British or French,” and placed with the Aboriginal ethnic groups in the Tables below;and people who were African and Indian were classified as “African and South or East Asian,” andlocated with the African ethno-racial groups. The order of “visibility” used to define these combinedcategories was: Aboriginal, African or Black, South Asian, East or Southeast Asian, Arab and WestAsian, European.A small number of respondents were reclassified on a more ad hoc basis. For example, people whogave their origin as “Spanish” who were born in Mexico or Central or South America were classifiedaccording in the Americas.These principles resulted in a classification with 89 ethno-racial categories. Most refer tonationalities based on nation states or, for smaller groups, on larger global regions. A few of thecategories are more “racial” in tone, such as “East Indian”; the remainder involve cross-regionalcombinations such as Caribbean and South Asian.In this classification, a person who indicates that she is, say, Barbadian and in the next questionindicates that she is White or (more likely) Chinese, is included in the predominantly Black category ofEthno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 8
Page 6 and 7: origin, South Asians, Arab and West
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsExecutive Summary.
Page 10 and 11: IntroductionThis Report provides de
Page 12 and 13: Methodological NotesThis Report pro
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1Defining Ethno-Racial Grou
Page 18 and 19: “Barbadians.” Likewise, people
Page 20 and 21: acial identification question, redu
Page 22 and 23: Table 1, continuedEthno-Racial Grou
Page 24 and 25: percentage of a group has the need.
Page 26 and 27: ARAB AND WEST ASIAN ORIGINSApproxim
Page 28 and 29: EUROPEAN ORIGIN GROUPS TEND TO BE O
Page 30 and 31: The key question involves the numbe
Page 32 and 33: Table 2, continuedPercentage and Nu
Page 34 and 35: A second policy concern involves th
Page 36 and 37: NON-NATIONAL, “RACIAL” AND MULT
Page 38 and 39: Table 3, continuedKnowledge of Engl
Page 40 and 41: majority of people speak English. T
Page 42 and 43: Fully 96.1 percent of Torontonians
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2EducationIf educational cr
Page 46 and 47: Table 4, continuedHighest Level of
Page 48 and 49: Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 50 and 51: Educational Attainment of AdultsAbo
Page 52 and 53: EUROPEAN ORIGINAmong Europeans, edu
Page 54 and 55: GROUPS WITH HIGHER PROPORTIONS OF N
Page 56 and 57: Table 5, continuedSchool Attendance
Page 58 and 59: Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 60 and 61: Of most concern are the small numbe
Page 62 and 63: Not counted as unemployed are “di
Page 64 and 65: Table 6, continuedLabour Force Char
Page 66 and 67:
Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 68 and 69:
percent for the African, Black and
Page 70 and 71:
LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSThe two Latin
Page 72 and 73:
Table 7, continuedIncome from Emplo
Page 74 and 75:
efore coming to Canada likely refle
Page 76 and 77:
Table 8a, continuedOccupations of W
Page 78 and 79:
Table 8bOccupations of Men by Ethno
Page 80 and 81:
Table 8b, continuedOccupations of M
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
eing an employee; just 3.2 percent
Page 86 and 87:
Table 9, continuedIncidence of Self
Page 88 and 89:
AFRICAN, BLACK AND CARIBBEAN ORIGIN
Page 90 and 91:
esult in similar levels of income.
Page 92 and 93:
Among the individual ethno-racial g
Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 4Poverty and Individual and
Page 96 and 97:
Introduction to the TablesThe first
Page 98 and 99:
Table 10, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Table 11, continuedIncidence of Chi
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
types of families are not an intuit
Page 108 and 109:
children and 12.8 percent of Arab/W
Page 110 and 111:
Table 12, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 112 and 113:
Southeast Asians and Pacific Island
Page 114 and 115:
Table 13, continuedMedian Family In
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Table 14, continuedMedian Individua
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
SOUTH ASIAN ORIGINSWhile just over
Page 124 and 125:
LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSDue to statis
Page 126 and 127:
There are remarkable ethno-racial d
Page 128 and 129:
Table 15, continuedHome Ownership o
Page 130 and 131:
percent of Italian families own the
Page 132 and 133:
The most severe disadvantage affect
Page 134 and 135:
Men in Lower SkillJobs(Table 8b/Cha
Page 136 and 137:
which included all other African na
Page 138 and 139:
In Lower Skill Non-Manual Occupatio
Page 140 and 141:
skilled non-manual occupations in 1
Page 142:
segregation, the effects of unequal
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