Ethno-Racial Inequality in the City of Toronto: An Analysis of the ...

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Chapter 2EducationIf educational credentials are no longer sufficient to assure steady, pleasant and remunerativeemployment, education remains a critical aspect of human capital. While individuals with little formaleducation may be highly literate, on average people with more formal education obtain better jobs, earnmore and have higher family incomes. Rapid technological change, moreover, is likely to increase theincome differential between jobs requiring high and low levels of education. There is also a critical intergenerationalaspect to education, in that parents with less formal education are disadvantaged in dealingwith their children’s schools and providing advice to their children.In this Chapter, the main focus is on the overall distribution of education for people between 25 and64 years of age, given in Table 4. The age limits are designed to exclude most people who are still inschool and also people who are likely to have retired. Table 5 provides information on the educationalattainment and enrollment of young people, between 20 and 24 years of age. This is the critical ageperiod when most of the individuals who will ever do so, complete their post-secondary education, eitherat a community college or university. Those who have left full-time education without a post-secondaryqualification, especially if they have not completed high school, have significantly lower occupationaland financial prospects.To help identify the ethno-racial groups who are most educationally disadvantaged, Charts 1 and 2show the ethno-racial groups with the highest percentages of adults who have not completed high schooland with the lowest percentages of university graduates. Similarly, Chart 3 shows the groups with thehighest percentages of young people who have not graduated from high school and are no longer inschool. The groups with the lowest levels of education, shown in the charts, are also listed in thesummary table in Chapter 5, which collates the findings of the three chapters dealing with education,occupations and income.Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 35
Table 4Highest Level of Education, for Persons 25-64 Years of Age, by Ethno-Racial GroupHighest Level of Education(percentage distribution)Some High Trade M.A. Number ofNo High High School School College Some University Degree PersonsEthno-Racial Group School School Graduate Graduate Graduate University Graduate & Higher Total 25-64Total 14.1 16.4 22.0 7.9 14.0 2.9 17.2 5.5 100.0 1,642,135Total: Aboriginal 7.3 20.3 25.5 10.0 17.2 2.0 13.4 4.2 100.0 12,940Aboriginal 14.8 27.8 25.5 11.3 13.5 1.1 5.1 0.9 100.0 2,665Aboriginal and British/French 7.0 19.8 26.0 9.5 16.5 1.9 14.1 5.0 100.0 4,660Aboriginal and non-British/French 3.9 17.2 25.1 9.9 19.4 2.5 16.9 5.0 100.0 5,615Total: African, Black and Caribbean 8.5 18.2 26.6 12.5 21.1 2.4 8.6 2.1 100.0 125,450Ethiopian 7.0 16.8 35.5 8.3 16.0 3.3 9.6 3.5 100.0 4,590Ghanaian 16.8 14.9 38.1 4.4 10.0 3.4 9.6 2.7 100.0 6,380Somali 4.7 18.1 31.5 16.1 18.5 2.8 5.4 3.0 100.0 3,955Other African Nations 5.2 13.1 25.7 11.6 18.6 4.7 16.1 5.1 100.0 10,190African and South/East Asian 9.8 8.7 18.5 11.3 29.5 3.6 16.0 2.2 100.0 1,375African and European/Arab/West Asian 3.3 11.3 23.9 11.1 18.6 3.3 20.8 7.5 100.0 2,260African and Black 9.6 22.9 25.8 12.0 19.2 2.2 6.2 2.2 100.0 6,965Barbadian 3.9 19.8 20.8 13.6 28.1 2.5 9.0 2.0 100.0 2,985Guyanese 12.1 24.3 25.7 11.1 17.6 1.9 6.1 1.2 100.0 8,585Jamaican 10.4 23.1 25.1 13.9 20.6 1.2 4.8 0.9 100.0 40,075Trinidadian and Tobagonian 6.3 13.1 26.2 15.8 23.9 2.5 10.1 2.2 100.0 6,470West Indian 7.9 18.0 29.2 14.5 22.3 1.8 5.4 0.9 100.0 9,800Other Caribbean nations 6.5 16.1 27.0 14.1 24.3 1.7 8.4 1.9 100.0 5,495Multiple Caribbean 4.0 12.2 26.9 9.6 31.7 2.0 11.9 1.7 100.0 1,765Caribbean and South Asian 10.2 15.5 22.4 12.3 22.5 4.8 10.3 2.1 100.0 5,365Caribbean and East Asian 2.0 9.6 25.1 9.3 29.4 2.6 19.0 2.9 100.0 1,715Caribbean & European/Arab/Latin American 4.1 11.5 23.8 11.8 27.3 4.0 14.6 3.0 100.0 7,480Total: South Asian 11.5 20.7 24.0 7.2 12.3 3.4 15.5 5.4 100.0 119,720Indian 13.2 18.3 22.1 7.7 12.6 3.3 16.7 6.1 100.0 79,075Pakistani and Bangladeshi 9.7 13.4 24.8 6.2 9.1 5.6 22.4 9.0 100.0 5,575Sri Lankan 8.2 33.6 30.9 5.8 10.5 2.8 7.1 1.0 100.0 12,320Tamil 7.1 34.3 31.5 5.2 9.8 2.0 8.5 1.6 100.0 8,160Multiple South Asian 9.4 23.8 24.7 6.2 11.4 3.6 15.5 5.5 100.0 9,110South Asian and East Asian 6.5 11.2 27.1 9.4 22.9 5.3 11.8 5.9 100.0 850South Asian and European/Arab/West Asia 5.8 9.3 21.6 9.4 20.0 5.2 21.4 7.3 100.0 4,630Source: Statistics Canada 1996 Census; Tabulation by Michael Ornstein, Institute for Social Research, York UniversityEthno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 36
Page 6 and 7: origin, South Asians, Arab and West
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsExecutive Summary.
Page 10 and 11: IntroductionThis Report provides de
Page 12 and 13: Methodological NotesThis Report pro
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1Defining Ethno-Racial Grou
Page 16 and 17: question, described above. The “C
Page 18 and 19: “Barbadians.” Likewise, people
Page 20 and 21: acial identification question, redu
Page 22 and 23: Table 1, continuedEthno-Racial Grou
Page 24 and 25: percentage of a group has the need.
Page 26 and 27: ARAB AND WEST ASIAN ORIGINSApproxim
Page 28 and 29: EUROPEAN ORIGIN GROUPS TEND TO BE O
Page 30 and 31: The key question involves the numbe
Page 32 and 33: Table 2, continuedPercentage and Nu
Page 34 and 35: A second policy concern involves th
Page 36 and 37: NON-NATIONAL, “RACIAL” AND MULT
Page 38 and 39: Table 3, continuedKnowledge of Engl
Page 40 and 41: majority of people speak English. T
Page 42 and 43: Fully 96.1 percent of Torontonians
Page 46 and 47: Table 4, continuedHighest Level of
Page 48 and 49: Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 50 and 51: Educational Attainment of AdultsAbo
Page 52 and 53: EUROPEAN ORIGINAmong Europeans, edu
Page 54 and 55: GROUPS WITH HIGHER PROPORTIONS OF N
Page 56 and 57: Table 5, continuedSchool Attendance
Page 60 and 61: Of most concern are the small numbe
Page 62 and 63: Not counted as unemployed are “di
Page 64 and 65: Table 6, continuedLabour Force Char
Page 68 and 69: percent for the African, Black and
Page 70 and 71: LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSThe two Latin
Page 72 and 73: Table 7, continuedIncome from Emplo
Page 74 and 75: efore coming to Canada likely refle
Page 76 and 77: Table 8a, continuedOccupations of W
Page 78 and 79: Table 8bOccupations of Men by Ethno
Page 80 and 81: Table 8b, continuedOccupations of M
Page 84 and 85: eing an employee; just 3.2 percent
Page 86 and 87: Table 9, continuedIncidence of Self
Page 88 and 89: AFRICAN, BLACK AND CARIBBEAN ORIGIN
Page 90 and 91: esult in similar levels of income.
Page 92 and 93: Among the individual ethno-racial g
Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 4Poverty and Individual and
Page 96 and 97:
Introduction to the TablesThe first
Page 98 and 99:
Table 10, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 100 and 101:
Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 102 and 103:
Table 11, continuedIncidence of Chi
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
types of families are not an intuit
Page 108 and 109:
children and 12.8 percent of Arab/W
Page 110 and 111:
Table 12, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 112 and 113:
Southeast Asians and Pacific Island
Page 114 and 115:
Table 13, continuedMedian Family In
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Table 14, continuedMedian Individua
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
SOUTH ASIAN ORIGINSWhile just over
Page 124 and 125:
LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSDue to statis
Page 126 and 127:
There are remarkable ethno-racial d
Page 128 and 129:
Table 15, continuedHome Ownership o
Page 130 and 131:
percent of Italian families own the
Page 132 and 133:
The most severe disadvantage affect
Page 134 and 135:
Men in Lower SkillJobs(Table 8b/Cha
Page 136 and 137:
which included all other African na
Page 138 and 139:
In Lower Skill Non-Manual Occupatio
Page 140 and 141:
skilled non-manual occupations in 1
Page 142:
segregation, the effects of unequal
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