Ethno-Racial Inequality in the City of Toronto: An Analysis of the ...

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A second policy concern involves the elderly. Their numbers also vary dramatically among ethnoracialgroups, especially in the 75 and older category, who tend to have greater needs for social supportthan the “young old” between 65 and 74. For some very young ethno-racial groups, such as the Africans,the challenges of an aging population are far off, but many other groups with few elderly have largeproportions of people in late middle age. One way to see the extent of this demographic concern is tocompare the proportions of a group between 45 and 64 and over the age of 65. In the “mature” Europeangroups, whose fertility is near the replacement level, there are about four people in the 45-64 group foreach three people 65 and over. Compare this to the Koreans, with 23.5 and 7.5 percent in the two groups,respectively. The Chinese population, with 20.6 percent and 10.8 percent, respectively, between 45 and64 and 65 and older, will shortly have a substantially larger elderly population. A number of SouthernEuropean groups also face large increases in their retirement age populations in the next few years.Ageing will also affect Africans, Blacks and Caribbeans, there are 15.3 percent aged 45-64, compared toonly 4.2 percent 65 or older.Immigration and EthnicityAs Table 2 shows, ethno-racial groups vary dramatically in the proportion of immigrants, and thedifferences would be even larger if young children born in Canada were excluded. At the extremes, 99.1percent of Aboriginal people are born in Canada (the small remaining number are US-born), whereasmore than one fifth of the Somalis, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans, Tamils, Egyptians,Romanians, Russians and Serbians who answered the Census in May 1996 had arrived since 1994.RECENT ARRIVALSThe Table divides immigrants into four categories of arrival in Canada: before 1976, 1976-1985,1986-1993 and 1994-1996. There were a number of groups in which 15 percent or more of thepopulation arrived between 1994 and the Census reporting date in May 1996, including: Ghanaians,Somalis, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis (combined), Sri Lankans, Tamils and people with multiple SouthAsian origins, Filipinos, Afghans, Egyptians, Iranians, Turks, people from “other” Arab and West Asiannations, Romanians and Russians, Serbians, Yugoslavs and “other” Southern European nations. Thesevery recent immigrants make up 5.7 percent of the Toronto population. This number can be compared tothe 7.9 percent of the Toronto population who said they came to Toronto in the eight previous yearsbetween 1986 and 1994.Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 25
ARRIVALS BETWEEN 1976 AND 1993A number of groups experienced high levels of immigration between 1986 and 1993. Ethno-racialgroups with 25 percent or more of their population arriving in this period include the Ethiopians,Ghanaians, Somalis, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans, Tamils, the multiple South Asian group;Afghans, Lebanese, Iranians, Turks, other Arabs and West Asians; Central Americans, Romanians,Serbians and “other” Southern Europeans. Many of the 1986-93 immigrants will have Canadian-bornchildren, so that more than 25 percent of the adults would have arrived during this period.More than one-quarter of the entire African, Black and Caribbean, South Asian, East and SoutheastAsian, and Latin American populations in Toronto arrived between 1976 and 1985; indeed 16.0 percentof all Torontonians came to Canada in this period. Individual groups have even more sharply-definedperiods of arrival. For example, 44.4 percent of the Ethiopians arrived between 1976 and 1985, alongwith 40.2 percent of the Guyanese, 52.6 percent of Vietnamese, and 47.8 percent of the “other” East andSoutheast Asians (including Cambodians and Laotians), 51.1 percent of people with two or more East andSoutheast Asian origins, and 40.6 percent of the Central Americans. One sees immediately thecorrelation between these figures and civil wars during that period.ARRIVALS BEFORE 1976About one fifth of all Torontonians were born outside Canada, but arrived at least 20 years ago.These include a very large number of Europeans, 24.5 percent of whom were immigrants arriving before1976. More than 40 percent of Northern Europeans (excluding British and French) and SouthernEuropeans immigrated to Canada before 1976. In a number of cases, these immigrants account for morethan half the population: 57.0 percent of Austrians, 49.9 percent of Finns, 66.6 percent of Estonians, 63.5percent of Latvians, 54.8 percent of Lithuanians, 51.9 percent of Hungarians, along with more than 45percent of the Croatians, Macedonians, Slovenians, Greeks, Italians, and Maltese.Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 26
Page 6 and 7: origin, South Asians, Arab and West
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsExecutive Summary.
Page 10 and 11: IntroductionThis Report provides de
Page 12 and 13: Methodological NotesThis Report pro
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1Defining Ethno-Racial Grou
Page 16 and 17: question, described above. The “C
Page 18 and 19: “Barbadians.” Likewise, people
Page 20 and 21: acial identification question, redu
Page 22 and 23: Table 1, continuedEthno-Racial Grou
Page 24 and 25: percentage of a group has the need.
Page 26 and 27: ARAB AND WEST ASIAN ORIGINSApproxim
Page 28 and 29: EUROPEAN ORIGIN GROUPS TEND TO BE O
Page 30 and 31: The key question involves the numbe
Page 32 and 33: Table 2, continuedPercentage and Nu
Page 36 and 37: NON-NATIONAL, “RACIAL” AND MULT
Page 38 and 39: Table 3, continuedKnowledge of Engl
Page 40 and 41: majority of people speak English. T
Page 42 and 43: Fully 96.1 percent of Torontonians
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2EducationIf educational cr
Page 46 and 47: Table 4, continuedHighest Level of
Page 48 and 49: Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 50 and 51: Educational Attainment of AdultsAbo
Page 52 and 53: EUROPEAN ORIGINAmong Europeans, edu
Page 54 and 55: GROUPS WITH HIGHER PROPORTIONS OF N
Page 56 and 57: Table 5, continuedSchool Attendance
Page 60 and 61: Of most concern are the small numbe
Page 62 and 63: Not counted as unemployed are “di
Page 64 and 65: Table 6, continuedLabour Force Char
Page 68 and 69: percent for the African, Black and
Page 70 and 71: LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSThe two Latin
Page 72 and 73: Table 7, continuedIncome from Emplo
Page 74 and 75: efore coming to Canada likely refle
Page 76 and 77: Table 8a, continuedOccupations of W
Page 78 and 79: Table 8bOccupations of Men by Ethno
Page 80 and 81: Table 8b, continuedOccupations of M
Page 84 and 85:
eing an employee; just 3.2 percent
Page 86 and 87:
Table 9, continuedIncidence of Self
Page 88 and 89:
AFRICAN, BLACK AND CARIBBEAN ORIGIN
Page 90 and 91:
esult in similar levels of income.
Page 92 and 93:
Among the individual ethno-racial g
Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 4Poverty and Individual and
Page 96 and 97:
Introduction to the TablesThe first
Page 98 and 99:
Table 10, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 100 and 101:
Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 102 and 103:
Table 11, continuedIncidence of Chi
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
types of families are not an intuit
Page 108 and 109:
children and 12.8 percent of Arab/W
Page 110 and 111:
Table 12, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 112 and 113:
Southeast Asians and Pacific Island
Page 114 and 115:
Table 13, continuedMedian Family In
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Table 14, continuedMedian Individua
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
SOUTH ASIAN ORIGINSWhile just over
Page 124 and 125:
LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSDue to statis
Page 126 and 127:
There are remarkable ethno-racial d
Page 128 and 129:
Table 15, continuedHome Ownership o
Page 130 and 131:
percent of Italian families own the
Page 132 and 133:
The most severe disadvantage affect
Page 134 and 135:
Men in Lower SkillJobs(Table 8b/Cha
Page 136 and 137:
which included all other African na
Page 138 and 139:
In Lower Skill Non-Manual Occupatio
Page 140 and 141:
skilled non-manual occupations in 1
Page 142:
segregation, the effects of unequal
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