acial identification question, reduced <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> “Canadians” to just 5.2 percent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> population,very close to <strong>the</strong> 1996 figure. But we cannot be certa<strong>in</strong> that <strong>the</strong> “Canadian” category refers to <strong>the</strong> samepeople <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> two analyses.The <strong>Ethno</strong>-<strong>Racial</strong> Composition <strong>of</strong> <strong>Toronto</strong>Table 1 gives <strong>the</strong> number and age distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>Toronto</strong>nians <strong>in</strong> each ethno-racial group. There aresubtotals for <strong>the</strong> global regions, and a grand total, which for convenience is repeated at <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong> eachpage. To save space, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tables give percentages, such as <strong>the</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> levels <strong>of</strong> educationand <strong>the</strong> total population size (for education it is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> people between 25 and 64), but not <strong>the</strong>number <strong>of</strong> persons <strong>in</strong> each category. Numbers do count when it comes to implement<strong>in</strong>g policy. Forexample, to measure <strong>the</strong> need for ESL <strong>in</strong>struction and justify its cost, <strong>the</strong> key issue is likely to be howmany people could benefit, not whe<strong>the</strong>r a small or large<strong>Ethno</strong>-<strong>Racial</strong> <strong>Inequality</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Toronto</strong>: <strong>An</strong>alysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1996 Census 11
Table 1<strong>Toronto</strong>, by Size and AgeAge(percentage distribution)Total Populationunder 75 or<strong>Ethno</strong>-<strong>Racial</strong> Group Number Percent 15 15-24 25-44 45-64 65-74 older TotalTotal 2,363,870 100.0 18.0 12.5 35.3 21.4 8.0 4.8 100.0Total: Aborig<strong>in</strong>al 21,670 0.9 25.2 15.1 41.4 15.6 1.7 0.9 100.0Aborig<strong>in</strong>al 3,850 0.2 18.4 12.5 42.2 22.5 2.7 1.7 100.0Aborig<strong>in</strong>al and British/French 6,990 0.3 18.7 14.7 46.1 17.9 1.7 0.9 100.0Aborig<strong>in</strong>al and non-British/French 10,830 0.5 31.9 16.3 38.1 11.8 1.4 0.6 100.0Total: African, Black and Caribbean 226,525 9.6 29.1 15.5 35.9 15.3 2.9 1.3 100.0Ethiopian 7,005 0.3 22.3 12.2 61.0 3.9 0.4 0.4 100.0Ghanaian 15,465 0.7 42.8 16.0 34.1 4.6 1.9 0.6 100.0Somali 7,200 0.3 34.9 10.1 47.8 6.9 0.3 0.0 100.0O<strong>the</strong>r African Nations 16,910 0.7 26.3 13.5 46.6 11.3 1.8 0.6 100.0African and South/East Asian 2,710 0.1 32.5 16.8 29.5 17.7 2.0 1.3 100.0African and European/Arab/West Asian 4,320 0.2 30.4 17.2 35.5 13.1 1.9 1.7 100.0African and Black 17,430 0.7 44.1 15.9 25.2 11.2 2.4 1.2 100.0Barbadian 3,785 0.2 10.4 10.7 37.1 32.9 6.9 2.0 100.0Guyanese 13,110 0.6 20.3 14.3 37.3 19.5 5.9 2.8 100.0Jamaican 70,350 3.0 26.8 16.3 33.7 18.3 3.4 1.5 100.0Tr<strong>in</strong>idadian and Tobagonian 10,450 0.4 19.4 18.7 36.3 21.6 2.3 1.7 100.0West Indian 15,720 0.7 22.8 14.9 37.5 20.0 3.3 1.5 100.0O<strong>the</strong>r Caribbean nations 8,460 0.4 18.9 16.1 42.1 18.6 3.3 0.9 100.0Multiple Caribbean 5,340 0.2 47.8 19.3 20.8 10.6 0.8 0.8 100.0Caribbean and South Asian 9,265 0.4 25.9 16.2 37.2 16.2 3.6 0.8 100.0Caribbean and East Asian 3,420 0.1 34.2 15.6 32.3 13.7 2.0 1.9 100.0Caribbean & European/Arab/Lat<strong>in</strong> American 15,585 0.7 36.7 15.2 30.8 12.8 2.5 1.9 100.0Total: South Asian 197,960 8.4 25.3 14.2 37.5 17.5 4.1 1.3 100.0Indian 127,890 5.4 23.8 14.3 36.4 19.4 4.5 1.6 100.0Pakistani and Bangladeshi 10,280 0.4 30.0 15.8 40.0 11.7 2.1 0.4 100.0Sri Lankan 20,395 0.9 27.3 12.3 42.9 13.8 3.2 0.5 100.0Tamil 13,500 0.6 27.8 11.8 42.7 13.9 3.1 0.8 100.0Multiple South Asian 15,130 0.6 24.9 14.9 38.4 16.5 4.5 0.9 100.0South Asian and East Asian 2,050 0.1 40.2 18.0 25.9 11.0 3.7 1.0 100.0South Asian and European/Arab/West Asian 8,715 0.4 29.9 17.0 31.9 15.3 4.6 1.4 100.0Source: Statistics Canada 1996 Census; Tabulation by Michael Ornste<strong>in</strong>, Institute for Social Research, York University<strong>Ethno</strong>-<strong>Racial</strong> <strong>Inequality</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Toronto</strong>: <strong>An</strong>alysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1996 Census 12
- Page 6 and 7: origin, South Asians, Arab and West
- Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsExecutive Summary.
- Page 10 and 11: IntroductionThis Report provides de
- Page 12 and 13: Methodological NotesThis Report pro
- Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1Defining Ethno-Racial Grou
- Page 16 and 17: question, described above. The “C
- Page 18 and 19: “Barbadians.” Likewise, people
- Page 22 and 23: Table 1, continuedEthno-Racial Grou
- Page 24 and 25: percentage of a group has the need.
- Page 26 and 27: ARAB AND WEST ASIAN ORIGINSApproxim
- Page 28 and 29: EUROPEAN ORIGIN GROUPS TEND TO BE O
- Page 30 and 31: The key question involves the numbe
- Page 32 and 33: Table 2, continuedPercentage and Nu
- Page 34 and 35: A second policy concern involves th
- Page 36 and 37: NON-NATIONAL, “RACIAL” AND MULT
- Page 38 and 39: Table 3, continuedKnowledge of Engl
- Page 40 and 41: majority of people speak English. T
- Page 42 and 43: Fully 96.1 percent of Torontonians
- Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2EducationIf educational cr
- Page 46 and 47: Table 4, continuedHighest Level of
- Page 48 and 49: Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
- Page 50 and 51: Educational Attainment of AdultsAbo
- Page 52 and 53: EUROPEAN ORIGINAmong Europeans, edu
- Page 54 and 55: GROUPS WITH HIGHER PROPORTIONS OF N
- Page 56 and 57: Table 5, continuedSchool Attendance
- Page 58 and 59: Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
- Page 60 and 61: Of most concern are the small numbe
- Page 62 and 63: Not counted as unemployed are “di
- Page 64 and 65: Table 6, continuedLabour Force Char
- Page 66 and 67: Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
- Page 68 and 69: percent for the African, Black and
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LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSThe two Latin
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Table 7, continuedIncome from Emplo
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efore coming to Canada likely refle
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Table 8a, continuedOccupations of W
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Table 8bOccupations of Men by Ethno
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Table 8b, continuedOccupations of M
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Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
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eing an employee; just 3.2 percent
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Table 9, continuedIncidence of Self
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AFRICAN, BLACK AND CARIBBEAN ORIGIN
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esult in similar levels of income.
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Among the individual ethno-racial g
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Chapter 4Poverty and Individual and
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Introduction to the TablesThe first
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Table 10, continuedIncidence of Pov
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Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
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Table 11, continuedIncidence of Chi
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Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
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types of families are not an intuit
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children and 12.8 percent of Arab/W
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Table 12, continuedIncidence of Pov
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Southeast Asians and Pacific Island
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Table 13, continuedMedian Family In
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Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
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Table 14, continuedMedian Individua
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Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
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SOUTH ASIAN ORIGINSWhile just over
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LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSDue to statis
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There are remarkable ethno-racial d
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Table 15, continuedHome Ownership o
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percent of Italian families own the
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The most severe disadvantage affect
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Men in Lower SkillJobs(Table 8b/Cha
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which included all other African na
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In Lower Skill Non-Manual Occupatio
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skilled non-manual occupations in 1
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segregation, the effects of unequal