Ethno-Racial Inequality in the City of Toronto: An Analysis of the ...

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Educational Attainment of AdultsAbout 30 percent of Torontonians between 25 and 64 have not completed high school, and about 15percent have only primary school education. Almost one-quarter of the population, 22.7 percent, areuniversity graduates, and 5.5 percent have a Master’s or higher degree. In addition 7.9 percent are tradeschool graduates and 14.0 percent are college graduates. Ethno-racial groups cannot only becharacterized in terms of “more”or “less” education. A group may have a high level of basic literacy,measured by the proportion of high school graduates, but relatively few university graduates, restrictingaccess to jobs requiring high qualifications and offering high pay. Interestingly, there is relatively littlevariation in the educational attainment of the broad global regions into which group the individual ethnoracialgroups, but considerable variation between groups within the regions.ABORIGINAL ORIGINAmong Aboriginals, there are slightly fewer non-high school graduates than in the total population andnearly as many university graduates, the figures are 27.6 versus 30.5 percent, respectively. Threecomponents of this category, however, are strikingly different: 42.6 percent of Torontonians who are onlyAboriginal have not graduated from high school and just 6.0 percent are university graduates; whilepeople with Aboriginal and any other background have considerably more education, so their educationalprofile is close to the average for Toronto.AFRICAN, BLACK AND CARIBBEAN ORIGINSimilar variation is found within the “African, Black and Caribbean” category. In total, 26.7 percenthave not completed high school and 10.7 percent are university graduates, compared to 30.5 percent nonhighschool graduates and 22.7 percent university graduates in the population. The lowest percentages ofnon-high school graduates, above 30 percent, are found among the Ghanaians, Guyanese and Jamaicans,and the “African and Black” group. Relatively few university graduates, below 9 percent, are found inthe Somali, the “African and Black,” Guyanese, Jamaican, and “West Indian” groups. Torontonians withAfrican, Black or Caribbean ancestry and also European, Arabic, West Asian or East Asian backgroundhave relatively high levels of education.Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 41
SOUTH ASIAN ORIGINOn average, the educational attainment of the entire South Asian community is similar to the totalpopulation, with 67.8 and 20.9 percent, respectively, high school and university graduates. ThePakistanis and Bangladeshis have the highest education – 31.4 percent are university graduates and nearlya third of those have higher degrees. Of the Sri Lankans and Tamils (many from Sri Lanka), however,more than 40 percent are not high school graduates and the percentage of university graduates is less thanhalf the population average.EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN ORIGINIn terms of formal education, the East and Southeast Asians break into three distinct groups. TheChinese and the categories for “other East and Southeast Asian and Pacific” and “multiple East andSoutheast Asian and Pacific” have similar distributions, with somewhat high levels of non-high schoolgraduates (45 percent for the last mentioned) but close to the average proportion of university graduates.The Filipinos, Japanese, Koreans, and the East and Southeast Asians and Pacific Islanders with European,Arab or West Asian heritage have much higher than average education, with very low proportions of nonhighschool graduates and high proportions of university graduates. The Vietnamese have the lowestlevels of education: more than half of the adults 25 years of age and older, 53.9 percent, have notcompleted high school, and 23.8 percent have not attended high school at all; and just 8.2 percent areuniversity graduates.ARAB AND WEST ASIAN ORIGINNone of the Arab and West Asians groups has notably low education and there is relatively little intergroupvariance. In terms of higher education, the Egyptians stand out, with more than 60 percentuniversity graduates, as does the “West Asian and European” group. The Egyptians, Iranians and theWest Asian and European group have very few non-high school graduates.LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINThe Latin Americans have a distribution of educational attainment close to the average for Toronto,except that there are fewer university graduates, 12.5 percent versus the average of 22.7 percent.Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 42
Page 6 and 7: origin, South Asians, Arab and West
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsExecutive Summary.
Page 10 and 11: IntroductionThis Report provides de
Page 12 and 13: Methodological NotesThis Report pro
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1Defining Ethno-Racial Grou
Page 16 and 17: question, described above. The “C
Page 18 and 19: “Barbadians.” Likewise, people
Page 20 and 21: acial identification question, redu
Page 22 and 23: Table 1, continuedEthno-Racial Grou
Page 24 and 25: percentage of a group has the need.
Page 26 and 27: ARAB AND WEST ASIAN ORIGINSApproxim
Page 28 and 29: EUROPEAN ORIGIN GROUPS TEND TO BE O
Page 30 and 31: The key question involves the numbe
Page 32 and 33: Table 2, continuedPercentage and Nu
Page 34 and 35: A second policy concern involves th
Page 36 and 37: NON-NATIONAL, “RACIAL” AND MULT
Page 38 and 39: Table 3, continuedKnowledge of Engl
Page 40 and 41: majority of people speak English. T
Page 42 and 43: Fully 96.1 percent of Torontonians
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2EducationIf educational cr
Page 46 and 47: Table 4, continuedHighest Level of
Page 48 and 49: Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 52 and 53: EUROPEAN ORIGINAmong Europeans, edu
Page 54 and 55: GROUPS WITH HIGHER PROPORTIONS OF N
Page 56 and 57: Table 5, continuedSchool Attendance
Page 60 and 61: Of most concern are the small numbe
Page 62 and 63: Not counted as unemployed are “di
Page 64 and 65: Table 6, continuedLabour Force Char
Page 68 and 69: percent for the African, Black and
Page 70 and 71: LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSThe two Latin
Page 72 and 73: Table 7, continuedIncome from Emplo
Page 74 and 75: efore coming to Canada likely refle
Page 76 and 77: Table 8a, continuedOccupations of W
Page 78 and 79: Table 8bOccupations of Men by Ethno
Page 80 and 81: Table 8b, continuedOccupations of M
Page 84 and 85: eing an employee; just 3.2 percent
Page 86 and 87: Table 9, continuedIncidence of Self
Page 88 and 89: AFRICAN, BLACK AND CARIBBEAN ORIGIN
Page 90 and 91: esult in similar levels of income.
Page 92 and 93: Among the individual ethno-racial g
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 4Poverty and Individual and
Page 96 and 97: Introduction to the TablesThe first
Page 98 and 99: Table 10, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 100 and 101:
Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 102 and 103:
Table 11, continuedIncidence of Chi
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
types of families are not an intuit
Page 108 and 109:
children and 12.8 percent of Arab/W
Page 110 and 111:
Table 12, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 112 and 113:
Southeast Asians and Pacific Island
Page 114 and 115:
Table 13, continuedMedian Family In
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Table 14, continuedMedian Individua
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
SOUTH ASIAN ORIGINSWhile just over
Page 124 and 125:
LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSDue to statis
Page 126 and 127:
There are remarkable ethno-racial d
Page 128 and 129:
Table 15, continuedHome Ownership o
Page 130 and 131:
percent of Italian families own the
Page 132 and 133:
The most severe disadvantage affect
Page 134 and 135:
Men in Lower SkillJobs(Table 8b/Cha
Page 136 and 137:
which included all other African na
Page 138 and 139:
In Lower Skill Non-Manual Occupatio
Page 140 and 141:
skilled non-manual occupations in 1
Page 142:
segregation, the effects of unequal
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Ethno-Racial Inequality in the City of Toronto: An Analysis of the ...

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