Ethno-Racial Inequality in the City of Toronto: An Analysis of the ...

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“Barbadians.” Likewise, people of Arabic or African origin who immigrated from Britain and callthemselves “British” are not distinguished from the predominantly white members of that category, evenif in the following question they check the responses for Arabic or Black. Ignoring the information aboutracial identification could result in misleadingly low or high estimates of the socio-economic situation ofa group, but analysis of the data showed that these combinations of nationality and race were quiteunusual – typically much less than 10 percent of a group – and do not significantly alter findings ofethno-racial differences.While the classification is designed to deal with very complex combination of answers, most of theethno-racial groups examined in the analysis are single, clearly identified groups. For groups too smallfor individual analysis and for the many people who gave more than one answer to the question abouttheir ancestry, a series of conventions was adopted. The term “other”, as in “other African nations,” or“other Scandinavian,” refers to a composite category that includes two or more individual ethno-racialgroups. Nigerians and Norwegians, respectively, for example, would be in the two categories. The term“multiple” refers to a category for people who have ancestry in two or more groups in the same globalregion. For example, a person with Iranian and Iraqi ancestry is classified in the “multiple Arab/WestAsian” category. Where there are not enough individuals of any individual ancestry to be analyzedseparately, such as for “Central Americans,” only one, composite category includes both single andmultiple mentions.Individuals whose ancestry includes more than one global region are classified in categories labelledwith “and”, such as Arab/West Asian and European, British and other European, and Caribbean and EastAsian. Two exceptions to this rule are “African and Black” and “Pakistani and Bangladeshi,” which referto people who give either of the two responses. A slash, for example in “Aboriginal and British/French,”indicates that either response is given, so this group includes Torontonians who are Aboriginal andBritish (English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh or any combination of them) or Aboriginal and French, orAboriginal and British and French.Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 9
Comparison to the Question used in the 1991 CensusThe 1991 Census asked the same initial question as in 1996, “To which ethnic or cultural group (s) didthis person’s ancestors belong?” But instead of a series of blank boxes for their answers, respondentswere asked to “Mark or specify as many as applicable” from a list with the following entries: French,English, German, Scottish, Italian, Irish, Ukrainian, Chinese, Dutch (Netherlands), Jewish, Polish, Black,North American Indian, Métis, Inuit/Eskimo. At the bottom of the list were two additional blank spaceslabelled “Other ethnic or cultural group(s) – Specify.”Research on survey methods has shown that respondents tend to choose a pre-specified categoryover writing in an additional response. So, while it is not likely that a Vietnamese person would say thatshe was Chinese (because there is a pre-specified category for “Chinese”), a person who was Vietnameseand Chinese might only check the box for “Chinese” and not also write in “Vietnamese”; and a personwho was Jewish and Polish might check the two boxes, but only write in “Jewish” in the blank boxesprovided in 1996. Another change is that “other” responses written in by respondents were classified intoabout 100 categories in 1991 – for a total of 115 categories (including those listed on the form),approximately one-third less than the number used in 1996.It turns out that one key difference between the two Censuses is that there was a pre-coded responsefor “Black” in 1991, but not in 1996 (when no pre-specified responses were offered). The result was adramatic decrease in the number of “Black” responses; in 1996 many of the respondents who checked thebox for “Black” in 1991 instead described themselves in terms of a national origin, such as Nigerian,Jamaican or West Indian. The apparent radical shift, in five years between Censuses, in the distributionof Torontonians among the categories for African, Black, and the Caribbean and African nations andnationalities, is due entirely to the change in the form of the Census questions.Another change was a dramatic increase in the number of people who only answered “Canadian”, toabout 15 percent in 1996 from 6 percent in 1991,. This is partly the result of removing the note beside the1991 Census question that read:While most people of Canada view themselves as Canadian, information about their ancestralorigins has been collected since the 1901 Census to reflect the changing composition of theCanadian population and is needed to ensure that everyone, regardless of his/her ethnic orcultural background, has equal opportunity to share fully in the economic, social, cultural andpolitical life of Canada. Therefore, this question refers to this person's ancestors.What we do not know, unfortunately, is how this affected comparisons between the 1991 abd 1996results. The decision to reclassify non-European “Canadian” respondents in 1996, using answers to theEthno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 10
Page 6 and 7: origin, South Asians, Arab and West
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsExecutive Summary.
Page 10 and 11: IntroductionThis Report provides de
Page 12 and 13: Methodological NotesThis Report pro
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1Defining Ethno-Racial Grou
Page 16 and 17: question, described above. The “C
Page 20 and 21: acial identification question, redu
Page 22 and 23: Table 1, continuedEthno-Racial Grou
Page 24 and 25: percentage of a group has the need.
Page 26 and 27: ARAB AND WEST ASIAN ORIGINSApproxim
Page 28 and 29: EUROPEAN ORIGIN GROUPS TEND TO BE O
Page 30 and 31: The key question involves the numbe
Page 32 and 33: Table 2, continuedPercentage and Nu
Page 34 and 35: A second policy concern involves th
Page 36 and 37: NON-NATIONAL, “RACIAL” AND MULT
Page 38 and 39: Table 3, continuedKnowledge of Engl
Page 40 and 41: majority of people speak English. T
Page 42 and 43: Fully 96.1 percent of Torontonians
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2EducationIf educational cr
Page 46 and 47: Table 4, continuedHighest Level of
Page 48 and 49: Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 50 and 51: Educational Attainment of AdultsAbo
Page 52 and 53: EUROPEAN ORIGINAmong Europeans, edu
Page 54 and 55: GROUPS WITH HIGHER PROPORTIONS OF N
Page 56 and 57: Table 5, continuedSchool Attendance
Page 60 and 61: Of most concern are the small numbe
Page 62 and 63: Not counted as unemployed are “di
Page 64 and 65: Table 6, continuedLabour Force Char
Page 68 and 69:
percent for the African, Black and
Page 70 and 71:
LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSThe two Latin
Page 72 and 73:
Table 7, continuedIncome from Emplo
Page 74 and 75:
efore coming to Canada likely refle
Page 76 and 77:
Table 8a, continuedOccupations of W
Page 78 and 79:
Table 8bOccupations of Men by Ethno
Page 80 and 81:
Table 8b, continuedOccupations of M
Page 82 and 83:
Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 84 and 85:
eing an employee; just 3.2 percent
Page 86 and 87:
Table 9, continuedIncidence of Self
Page 88 and 89:
AFRICAN, BLACK AND CARIBBEAN ORIGIN
Page 90 and 91:
esult in similar levels of income.
Page 92 and 93:
Among the individual ethno-racial g
Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 4Poverty and Individual and
Page 96 and 97:
Introduction to the TablesThe first
Page 98 and 99:
Table 10, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Table 11, continuedIncidence of Chi
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
types of families are not an intuit
Page 108 and 109:
children and 12.8 percent of Arab/W
Page 110 and 111:
Table 12, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 112 and 113:
Southeast Asians and Pacific Island
Page 114 and 115:
Table 13, continuedMedian Family In
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Table 14, continuedMedian Individua
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
SOUTH ASIAN ORIGINSWhile just over
Page 124 and 125:
LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSDue to statis
Page 126 and 127:
There are remarkable ethno-racial d
Page 128 and 129:
Table 15, continuedHome Ownership o
Page 130 and 131:
percent of Italian families own the
Page 132 and 133:
The most severe disadvantage affect
Page 134 and 135:
Men in Lower SkillJobs(Table 8b/Cha
Page 136 and 137:
which included all other African na
Page 138 and 139:
In Lower Skill Non-Manual Occupatio
Page 140 and 141:
skilled non-manual occupations in 1
Page 142:
segregation, the effects of unequal
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Ethno-Racial Inequality in the City of Toronto: An Analysis of the ...

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