Ethno-Racial Inequality in the City of Toronto: An Analysis of the ...

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NON-NATIONAL, “RACIAL” AND MULTIPLE ORIGINSMore than ninety-eight percent of “Canadians”, defined for our purposes as people who said theirancestry was Canadian only and were “white”, are born in Canada. Also, 69.0 percent of Torontonianswho describe themselves as “African” or “Black”, but do not give a further national origin are born inCanada. To some extent this demonstrates a “racialization” of identity as the children of visible minorityimmigrants are “Canadianized” and start to lose touch with their parents’ distinct national identities. Notealso that the multiple origin groups include far fewer immigrants than the individual nationalities. Nearlyone-quarter of the Torontonians with a single British ethnicity are born outside of Canada, compared to9.3 percent of people with two or more British origins; about 80 percent of people with Arab or WestAsian origin only are immigrants, compared to just 31.5 percent of people with Arab or West Asian andEuropean heritage.Ability to Speak EnglishTable 3 gives the answers to the Census questions dealing with the ability to speak English and on thelanguage spoken in a person’s home. Since individuals could indicate that they speak two or morelanguages at home the answers we categorized as: only English; English and any other; French and anyother language besides English (to avoid overlap with the second category); and neither English norFrench. The asymmetry in the treatment of the official languages is intended to reflect the predominanceof English in Toronto. The single question about the ability to speak English on the Census provides onlya crude division of a wide range of ability, but it can certainly be used to locate sizeable concentrations ofpeople without minimal skills in English.Considering the number of immigrants to Toronto and especially the number of recent immigrants,it is noteworthy that only 6.1 percent of the population say that they do not speak English. The number ofnon-English speakers, about 145,000, is more imposing. While there is considerable variation in thepercentage of non-English speakers, in every single group, the greatEthno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 27
Table 3Knowledge of English and Language Spoken at Home by Ethno-Racial GroupLanguage Spoken in the Home(percentage distribution)Do Not SpeakEnglish French, NeitherEnglish and any EnglishPercent Only and any other but norEthno-Racial Group Number of Total English other English French TotalTotal 144,980 6.1 66.3 4.3 0.5 28.8 100.0Total: Aboriginal 20 0.1 97.4 1.0 1.3 0.3 100.0Aboriginal 10 0.3 96.1 2.3 0.5 1.0 100.0Aboriginal and British/French 5 0.1 97.3 0.8 1.7 0.1 100.0Aboriginal and non-British/French 5 0.0 97.9 0.7 1.2 0.2 100.0Total: African, Black and Caribbean 3,950 1.7 85.6 2.7 0.6 11.2 100.0Ethiopian 390 5.6 24.8 12.6 0.1 62.4 100.0Ghanaian 2,320 15.0 18.0 9.9 0.2 71.8 100.0Somali 105 1.5 47.5 14.2 0.0 38.3 100.0Other African Nations 430 2.5 62.8 7.2 3.8 26.3 100.0African and South/East Asian 40 1.5 81.9 6.1 0.6 11.4 100.0African and European/Arab/West Asian 100 2.3 82.7 4.2 1.6 11.4 100.0African and Black 140 0.8 94.8 1.1 0.2 3.8 100.0Barbadian 5 0.1 99.5 0.3 0.0 0.1 100.0Guyanese 15 0.1 99.1 0.5 0.0 0.4 100.0Jamaican 25 0.0 99.5 0.3 0.0 0.2 100.0Trinidadian and Tobagonian 0 0.0 99.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 100.0West Indian 35 0.2 98.9 0.2 0.0 0.9 100.0Other Caribbean nations 265 3.1 87.2 1.8 4.5 6.4 100.0Multiple Caribbean 5 0.1 98.8 0.7 0.0 0.5 100.0Caribbean and South Asian 5 0.1 99.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 100.0Caribbean and East Asian 0 0.0 98.1 1.3 0.0 0.6 100.0Caribbean & European/Arab/Latin American 70 0.4 96.6 1.1 0.4 1.8 100.0Total: South Asian 14,010 7.1 45.1 8.4 0.2 46.3 100.0Indian 8,185 6.4 52.7 7.9 0.2 39.3 100.0Pakistani and Bangladeshi 795 7.7 24.4 15.0 0.1 60.6 100.0Sri Lankan 1,865 9.1 22.9 8.6 0.0 68.6 100.0Tamil 1,455 10.8 17.5 10.4 0.0 72.0 100.0Multiple South Asian 1,520 10.0 21.3 9.8 0.1 68.7 100.0South Asian and East Asian 45 2.2 86.3 4.6 0.0 9.0 100.0South Asian and European/Arab/West Asia 145 1.7 85.1 4.0 0.3 10.4 100.0Source: Statistics Canada 1996 Census; Tabulation by Michael Ornstein, Institute for Social Research, York UniversityEthno-Racial Inequality in Toronto: Analysis of the 1996 Census 28
Page 6 and 7: origin, South Asians, Arab and West
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsExecutive Summary.
Page 10 and 11: IntroductionThis Report provides de
Page 12 and 13: Methodological NotesThis Report pro
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1Defining Ethno-Racial Grou
Page 16 and 17: question, described above. The “C
Page 18 and 19: “Barbadians.” Likewise, people
Page 20 and 21: acial identification question, redu
Page 22 and 23: Table 1, continuedEthno-Racial Grou
Page 24 and 25: percentage of a group has the need.
Page 26 and 27: ARAB AND WEST ASIAN ORIGINSApproxim
Page 28 and 29: EUROPEAN ORIGIN GROUPS TEND TO BE O
Page 30 and 31: The key question involves the numbe
Page 32 and 33: Table 2, continuedPercentage and Nu
Page 34 and 35: A second policy concern involves th
Page 38 and 39: Table 3, continuedKnowledge of Engl
Page 40 and 41: majority of people speak English. T
Page 42 and 43: Fully 96.1 percent of Torontonians
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2EducationIf educational cr
Page 46 and 47: Table 4, continuedHighest Level of
Page 48 and 49: Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 50 and 51: Educational Attainment of AdultsAbo
Page 52 and 53: EUROPEAN ORIGINAmong Europeans, edu
Page 54 and 55: GROUPS WITH HIGHER PROPORTIONS OF N
Page 56 and 57: Table 5, continuedSchool Attendance
Page 60 and 61: Of most concern are the small numbe
Page 62 and 63: Not counted as unemployed are “di
Page 64 and 65: Table 6, continuedLabour Force Char
Page 68 and 69: percent for the African, Black and
Page 70 and 71: LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSThe two Latin
Page 72 and 73: Table 7, continuedIncome from Emplo
Page 74 and 75: efore coming to Canada likely refle
Page 76 and 77: Table 8a, continuedOccupations of W
Page 78 and 79: Table 8bOccupations of Men by Ethno
Page 80 and 81: Table 8b, continuedOccupations of M
Page 84 and 85: eing an employee; just 3.2 percent
Page 86 and 87:
Table 9, continuedIncidence of Self
Page 88 and 89:
AFRICAN, BLACK AND CARIBBEAN ORIGIN
Page 90 and 91:
esult in similar levels of income.
Page 92 and 93:
Among the individual ethno-racial g
Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 4Poverty and Individual and
Page 96 and 97:
Introduction to the TablesThe first
Page 98 and 99:
Table 10, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 100 and 101:
Ethno-Racial Inequality in Toronto:
Page 102 and 103:
Table 11, continuedIncidence of Chi
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
types of families are not an intuit
Page 108 and 109:
children and 12.8 percent of Arab/W
Page 110 and 111:
Table 12, continuedIncidence of Pov
Page 112 and 113:
Southeast Asians and Pacific Island
Page 114 and 115:
Table 13, continuedMedian Family In
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Table 14, continuedMedian Individua
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
SOUTH ASIAN ORIGINSWhile just over
Page 124 and 125:
LATIN AMERICAN ORIGINSDue to statis
Page 126 and 127:
There are remarkable ethno-racial d
Page 128 and 129:
Table 15, continuedHome Ownership o
Page 130 and 131:
percent of Italian families own the
Page 132 and 133:
The most severe disadvantage affect
Page 134 and 135:
Men in Lower SkillJobs(Table 8b/Cha
Page 136 and 137:
which included all other African na
Page 138 and 139:
In Lower Skill Non-Manual Occupatio
Page 140 and 141:
skilled non-manual occupations in 1
Page 142:
segregation, the effects of unequal
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