VOLUME 1 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND ... - CSIR

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GUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNaccommodating a range of utilities often notsupplied to individual residential erven (e.g.telecommunications, solid-waste collection, postaldelivery).Settlement layouts should locate public marketsand squares, and their associated collective utilitypoints, to ensure that all households haveconvenient pedestrian as well as motorist accessand that a single trip can satisfy a number of needs- entrepreneurial, social, recreation, education,safety and other needs. In order to achieve this,planners and engineers require an understandingof the range and threshold requirements of, andfunctional relationships between, the differentcollective utilities.(5) Integrate open spaces with utilitiesThe design of public open space networks should beintegrated with the design of utility infrastructurenetworks. In particular, interconnected soft openspace systems should be integrated with majorstormwater management systems (i.e. openstormwater channels, retention and retardingponds, etc.). Open spaces and clusters of playingfields, should take up low-lying land subject toperiodic flooding, acting as overflow facilities in theevent of severe storms, while stormwater outfalland storage facilities should be used as landscapingfeatures within the amenity network (See Subchapter5.4 on Soft Open Spaces).(6) Align trunk utilities to important routesWhere possible, trunk utility lines should bealigned to more intensive movement routes whichlink public facilities and non-residential land uses,and electricity sub-stations (which transform highvoltagecurrent into low-voltage current for thepurpose of residential reticulation) should belocated close to public facility clusters (i.e. “loadcentres”).In this way, full water, sewerage, electricity, publiclighting and telecommunication connections can,from the beginning of the infrastructure-provisionprocess, be made to commercial services, smallscalemanufacturers, and public facilities likeschools and health clinics. Similarly, in cases whereadequate road surfacing is not affordable on allroads, public facilities should be connected by anetwork of surfaced roads to ensure the effectiveprovision of regular road-based services.In situations where water reticulation to residentialareas is not designed for additional fire fightingflows, water supply ring mains with greatestcapacity and pressure should, where possible, bealigned to intensive activity routes. This will ensurethat, at the very least, public facilities like schoolsand community centres are adequately covered byfire hydrants and associated fire-fighting services(See Sub-chapter 5.8.3 on Fire Considerations).Figure 5.7.1 and Figure 5.7.2 illustrate the above.Figure 5.7.1 Conceptual diagram of key spatial relationships relating to collective utilities within greenfieldprojectsSource: Behrens and Watson 1996, p 1034Chapter 5.7Public utilities
GUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNFigure 5.7.2 Conceptual diagram of key spatial relationships relating to collective utilities within upgradeprojectsSource: Behrens and Watson 1996, p 111They indicate the spatial relationships of utilitieswithin, respectively, a “greenfield” and an“upgrade” project.QUANTITATIVE GUIDELINESCollective utility points primarily servinglower-order collective public utilitypointsDensities, alternatives and hierarchiesThe effect of two contextual factors needs to bemade clear in respect of any standards for lowerordercollective public utility points.The density of the areaFor example, in densely populated areas, 15-25dwelling units per standpipe (a rough guide of thethreshhold for a standpipe) can be achieved byplacing a standpipe at the end of each street, andat a maximum distance of 100 m. In more sparselypopulated areas, a walking distance greater thanthe Redistribution and Development Programmestandard of 250 m should not be exceeded, almostirrespective of the threshhold. The walkingdistance will probably prevail over threshholdcriteria.The availability of residential utilitiesFor example, in an area which (say) lacks a door-todoorpostal service and solid-waste collectionservice, but where residential sites each have a toiletand a standpipe, the need for collective toilets andstandpipes will be much lower than where these arenot provided on residential sites. However, at aresidential area collective utility point where saysolid waste, postal and telephone facilities areprovided, collective toilets and standpipes willnevertheless have to be provided for the users ofthe telephones, nearby entrepreneurs and theircustomers, and passers-by.Table 5.7.1 provides only a rough guideline, and thecontext of the specific area being served must beinvestigated, particularly with respect to densitiesand alternative options to the collective utility.In addition, the place on the hierarchy of thecollective points being designed must be borne inmind. For example, if a lowest-order point, toserve 20 dwelling units, includes one waterstandpipe, a second-order point centred aroundsolid-waste collection, public telephones and postboxes could adequately also have only onestandpipe. Although the other utilities here maybe serving 200 or more dwelling units, thestandpipe is not also serving 200 dwelling units,Public utilities Chapter 5.75
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G u i d e l i n e s f o rHUMAN SETT
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IndexVolume 1Volume 2Chapter 1Chapt
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Chapter 2A framework forsettlement-
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Chapter 4Planning method andpartici
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Movement networksChapter 5.15.1
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Chapter 5.25.2Public transport
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