VOLUME 1 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND ... - CSIR

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GUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGN• Introduce the concept of watch towers for earlywarning, which could be operated by thecommunity and could simultaneously fulfil anumber of other uses, such as crime prevention.Ensure adequate space between groupsof buildings to limit the spread of fire, toprovide escape and to provide access forfire-fighting equipment• Ensure that there are fire breaks between groupsof units, which can correspond to hard or soft openspaces or movement networks. The amount ofspace is dependant on local weather and thetopography - in windswept, flat areas, more spaceis required and open spaces should be downwindof the prevailing wind direction.• Heavy fire-fighting tanker vehicles can move onlyalong paved surfaces, but usually have fire-fightingteams capable of handling 90 m of hose, whereassmaller-terrain vehicles carry less water and have 30m hoses, but can negotiate unpaved surfaces(gravel roads or well-maintained and clear hard orsoft open spaces, including servitudes). Whereregularly spaced fire hydrants are not provided,each building should be within- 30 m of a gravel road or a maintained openspace network which is linked to the roadnetwork at some point; or- 90 m of a paved road.Ensure adequate space betweenindividual buildings to reduce the spreadof fire• Decisions regarding stand size and arrangement,and the relationship between stand size, coverageand housing type should take into considerationminimum safety distance guidelines.• Minimum safety distance guidelines based onMANTAG requirements, but applicable to alldevelopment types, are as follows:- In the case of both non-combustible andcombustible externally cladded walls with a fireresistance where at least the stability andintegrity are greater than 30 minutes, theminimum safety distance is according to the sizeof the opening (Table 5.8.3.1). In the case ofcombustible walls, the entire wall area isconsidered as an “opening” and therecommended safety distance can be read offTable 5.8.3.1 accordingly.Table 5.8.3.1: Safety distance recommendations for combustible and non-combustiblewalls in relation to size of wall openingFIRE RESISTANCE OF WALL AREA (m 2 ) OF WALL MINIMUM BOUNDARY MINIMUM DISTANCE“OPENING” DISTANCE (m) BETWEEN BUILDINGS (m)High No opening, but with No requirement No requirement(stability and integrity at wall area of > 7,5 m 2least or > 30 minutes)No opening, but with 0,5 1,0wall area of < 7,5 m 2< 5 1,0 2,05 1,5 3,07,5 2,0 4,010 2,4 4,830 3,8 7,650+ 4,5 9,0Low ( stability and integrity Not relevant 4,5 9,0either or both < 30 minutes)Low, but where units Not relevant 2,0 4,0are in groups of less than 20High or low, but with Not relevant 4,5 9,0combustible roof (e.g. thatch)Fire safety Chapter 5.8.33
GUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGN- In the case of both non-combustible walls,combustible walls with external cladding, andcombustible roofs (e.g. thatch), even if walls arenon-combustible, where fire resistance is low(i.e. either integrity or stability or both are lessthan 30 minutes), the minimum safety distancefrom wall (or roof edge in the case ofcombustible roofs) to boundary must be 4,5 m,or there should be 9 m between buildings(Table 5.8.3.1).BIBLIOGRAPHYCSIR, Division of Building Technology (1996). Firesafety in informal settlements. Interim internal report.Project No BF 041/002.MANTAG 1993: MANTAG criteria. Booklet B2.Agrément South Africa: Pretoria.The maximum safety distance of 4,5 m from wall toboundary or 9 m between buildings can be reducedto 2 m from wall to boundary or 4 m betweenbuildings, where dwellings units are in groups ofless than 20 units.• Where space is at a premium, an option is thatwalls, possibly containing internal services, with afire resistance of at least 60 minutes, could beerected as a common wall on the boundaries,which would mean that no safety distancebetween buildings would be required. Higherdensities could thus be facilitated withoutcompromising fire safety, although there are costimplications.Land-use arrangements• Consider the location of watch towers at strategicplaces in the settlement. These would involve- an early warning system to alert inhabitants ofthe occurrence to facilitate escape and rescue ofpossessions; and- an early warning system to alert fire-fighters.• Locate “valuable” community facilities along majormovement networks so that the areas can be easilyaccessed by heavy fire-fighting equipment. As aminimum, provide water utilities along theseroutes.Adequate water provisionRefer to the relevant provisions of Chapter 8.4Chapter 5.8.3Fire safety
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G u i d e l i n e s f o rHUMAN SETT
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GUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLA
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IndexVolume 1Volume 2Chapter 1Chapt
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Chapter 2A framework forsettlement-
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Chapter 4Planning method andpartici
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Movement networksChapter 5.15.1
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Chapter 5.25.2Public transport
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Chapter 5.5Public facilities5.5
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Chapter 5.7Public utilities5.7
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