VOLUME 1 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND ... - CSIR

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GUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNTable 5.8.2.1: Geotechnical classification for urban development (continued)CONSTRAINT MOST FAVOURABLE INTERMEDIATE LEAST FAVOURABLEI Steep slopes Between 2 and 6 degrees Slopes between 6 and 18 More than 18 degrees(all regions). degrees and less than 2 (Natal and Western Cape).degrees (Natal and More than 12 degreesWestern Cape).(all other regions).Slopes between 6 and12 degrees and less than2 degrees (all otherregions).J Areas of unstable Low risk. Intermediate risk. High risk (especially innatural slopeareas subject to seismicactivity).K Areas subject to 10% probability of an Mining-induced seismic Natural seismic activityseismic activity event less than 100 cm/s 2 activity more 100 cm/s 2 . more than 100 cm/s 2 .within 50 years.L Areas subject to A “most favourable” Areas adjacent to a Areas within a knownflooding situation for this known drainage channel drainage channel orconstraint does not occur. or floodplain with slope floodplain.less than 1%.* These areas are designated as 1A, 1C, 1D, or 1F areas where localised occurrences of the constraint may arise.Source: SAIEG (1997)Table 5.8.2.2: Additional development costs due to geotechnical parametersPARAMETER CLASS 2 CLASS 3A Collapsible soil + 10% on infrastructure + 20% on Infrastructure+ 10% on building development + 20% on building developmentB Seepage + R7 000 per hectare under (4) + R20 000 per hectare under (4)ReclamationReclamationC Active soil + 10% on infrastructure + 20% on infrastructure+ 10% on building development + 20% on building developmentD Highly compressible soil + 10% on infrastructure + 20% on infrastructure+ 10% on building development + 20% on building developmentE Erodability of soil + 5% on roads and streets + 5% on roads and streets+ 5% on drainage + 5% on drainageF Difficulty of excavation to 1,5 m + 12,5% on water supply + 12,5% on water supply+ 12,5% on sanitation + 12,5% on sanitationG Undermined ground + 10 - 20% on infrastructure + 30 - 40% on infrastructure+ 10 - 20% on building + 30 - 40% on buildingdevelopmentdevelopment4Chapter 5.8.2Ecologically sound urban development
GUIDELINES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGNTable 5.8.2.2: Additional development costs due to geotechnical parameters (continued)PARAMETER CLASS 2 CLASS 3H Instability on soluble rocks + 30 - 40% on infrastructure Not feasible - life threatening+ 30 - 40% on buildingdevelopmentI Steep slopes + 25% on infrastructure + 50% on infrastructure+ 5% on building development + 15% on building developmentJ Areas of unstable natural slopes + 25% on infrastructure + 50% on infrastructure+ 5% on building development + 15% on building developmentK Areas subject to seismic activity + 10% on building development + 20% on building developmentL Areas subject to flooding + 5% on total development + 10% on total developmentSource: Williams (1993)Identify geological materials with economicvalueIdentify, describe and quantify geological materialswith economic value (ecological resources) such asconstruction materials, through an engineeringgeological investigation. Sand (calcareous) can beused as building sand and general fill material.Sand (silica) is used for glass-making, foundry sand,metallurgical uses, sand-blasting, filter sand, paintand filler manufacture, tile manufacture,adhesives, and standard sands for use inlaboratories. Calcrete is used in cementmanufacturing and as a road aggregate.For low-income developments, assess thepotential and appropriateness of the localgeological materials for their use in unsealedroadsThrough the assessment of the geological structureof local materials, their stage of weathering, thelocal hydrological conditions and climate, anengineering geologist would be able to selectappropriate materials for use in unsealed roads.Unsealed roads, being dynamic systems, areaffected far more by traffic, environmental andmaterial conditions than sealed roads. The materialis probably the principal component of the totalsystem affecting performance and behaviour.The requirements of durable coarse materials havebeen identified as follows (Paige-Green 1997):• an ability to provide an acceptably smooth andsafe road surface without excessivemaintenance (i.e. freedom from corrugation,potholes, ruts and oversize material);• stability in terms of resistance to deformationunder both wet and dry conditions (i.e.essentially resistance to ruts and shearing);• an ability to shed water without excessivescouring;• resistance to the abrasive action of traffic anderosion by wind and water;• freedom from excessive dust;• freedom from excessive slipperiness in wetweather without causing excessive tyre wear;and• low cost and ease of maintenance.To fulfil these requirements, durable coarsematerials must have• suitable particle-size distribution;• appropriate cohesion;• adequate material strength; and• adequate aggregate hardness.Assess the risk of developing on shallowdolomiteA geological survey should be undertaken toassess the risk of development on high riskshallow dolomite. Shallow dolomite is a particularcause for concern where the absence of aprotective overburden blanket and the presenceof joints and dykes leave an area highlyvulnerable to sinkhole formation. The geologicalhazard in shallow dolomite conditions appears tobe broadly related toEcologically sound urban development Chapter 5.8.25
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IndexVolume 1Volume 2Chapter 1Chapt
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Chapter 2A framework forsettlement-
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Chapter 4Planning method andpartici
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Movement networksChapter 5.15.1
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Chapter 5.25.2Public transport
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Chapter 5.5Public facilities5.5
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