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18 Baptist Homann's Help Shape an Emerging World by Lee Sinoff 10, In the early days of what historians call The Age of Kings, which followed the Renaissance, the year 1664 was one of dramatic changes in a stormy and turbulent world. It was a year filled with events of truly historic propor, Lions, equally powerful forces of nature and numerous import tant developments in culture, science and geography—all converging in time's grinding march forward. Charles II was sitting on the English throne. The Austrians had defeated the Turks at St. Gotthard, and the victorious Holy Roman Empire imposed the Truce of Vasvar on a vanquished Turkey. In the New World, after the surrender of the obstinate and dictatorial Dutch Director e General Peter Stuyvesant, the English "annexed" the prospering Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, from Connecticut to Delaware, and re, named the territory New York, in honor of James, the Duke of York. That same year, the Trappist Order was founded at La Trappe, in Normandy, by Armand De Rance. Christopher Wren, the noted English architect, began designing the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford; Thomas Willis wrote "Cerebri Anatome" on the human nervous system; large periwigs for men were introduced as a fashion statement of the day; the French horn became an orchestral instru, ment; and French furniture was the only thing to have in European palaces and castles. Late in the year of 1664, the Great Plague — the last and worst of a series of bubonic plagues which began in the 130os — raged in London, killing 75,000 people over the next 12 months. And, in the German village of Kambach, near Mindelheim, on the zoth day of March, Johann Baptist Homann was born. Not much is known about his early life or adolescence in the German countryside. He attended the Jesuit school in Mindelheim, and then spent several years in monasteries there, because he wanted to enter the Dominican Order. He apparently became a Dominican monk but eventually left the order, moved to Nuremberg and became a Lutheran. To support himself, he colorized copper/etched engravings with oil paints. Johann married in 1690, at the age of 26. The following year, he became a notary and public scribe. At the same time, he continued to work at his painted copper engravings and began to engrave printing plates of text material, possibly the written legends which accompa- nied map printing. The next year, in 1692, Johann Baptist Homann engraved his first map — from a drawing of the Nuremberg area by Christoph Scheurer. This early work had no shading or graduation in tones. It was sim , in cross,gridded, letter-coded quadrants for general orientation. According to a report by historians and cartography experts who examined this map years later, a city registry of Nuremberg build, ings was planned to accompany the map, but such a volume had never been found and apparently not preserved. However, in 1694, on the 3ooth anniversary of Herr Homman's birthday, a pamphlet published as part of an exhibit celebrating his cartography achieve/ ments, and staged in the City Library & Archive of Nuremberg, states that the City Library does have copies of this map's building registry, including various editions, as well as the map itself— which was printed on fabric in two editions. City records of November 9th, ilar to modern city maps, with locations on the map arranged
P LAN IG LO BII TERRESTRIS .. Mappa Vniverfalis Utricinip He sai itp/icerium Orient or Occidentals relievers...um mar", General bur, llaaiva,e, ceasy4sta tt actlAlt, cettrei Ittntif:;e4ariit 44?tata a AltH.T.W.r17 .1 44. ..V.r./144 4r44. It ./641,414,44,4re .1444. ,4 !I' 1,44 Ml le, re. 4.4..4.4or gg.t..ra .44 4.1.4.004 S Large map above shows the Eastern and Western Hemi- spheres and was compiled from other maps drawn by Homann, 1746. Smaller map directly above is a revi- sion done by Homann in 1784. esi#: arms.,,... 1693, at the time the map was produced, indicate that the Nuremberg council questioned -who had commissioned Johann's map even though he did get paid for making changes to the copper printing plate for the Nuremberg map, and received eight gulden for his efforts—which was probably a sizable amount in that day. Homann's work in Nuremberg as an engraver of map printing plates was interrupted abruptly. The edict of the city council questioning his map assignment cast suspicion on his integrity. He was arrested once, wavered between his Lutheran and Catholic faith and secretly left his wife and child in Nuremberg in 1693 to become a Dominican in Vienna. For the next several years, Homann led an unstable, wandering life. During this period of personal turbulence, Johann completed his first detailed work in map etching. From mid...1696 to late 1697, he produced 34 individual maps for Christoph Cellarius' "Notitia Orbis Antiqui," and fol , lowed that with a major part of the maps used in Heinrich Scherer's "Atlas Novus ...Augsburg, 170347to:' Homann also prepared copper plates for maps in Heinrich Ursinus' "Arboretum Biblicum... Nuremberg, 1699'; and provided etchings for a book on calligraphy and the art of maps by Jakob Sandrart and David Funck in the same period. The great Dutch publishing houses dominated the map market internationally during the 16th and first 1" MAYPE.— MONDE, qui reprefente le d.eaix He mifpheres fa voir ethei Oriesst a .ylsti dr l'Ocrailetrt tiree de/ yeowttrt CAW, gersef-alee Ate./ra ..Pnyikee.e. Ilallue joar Lorite , et 1.4.4 ■Vei p... f. .4'tritier, :Ago fel,eti . -4, 4"- ,z half of the 17th century. Political conditions in the world then presented obstacles which slowed progress in economic and scientific development, but cartography, as most other sciences at the close of the 17th century, stumbled forward nevertheless. Progress in cartography and map technology was being made, but slowly. An atlas of French national territory was published in 1619, and the same French publisher later produced a medium-scale map of France itself. The latter work's hydrography was quite detailed, but the map's relief detail was poorly presented. However, the map went through four editions and remained the stark , dard of the day until it was outdated as a result of the work of an Italian astronomer, Giovannni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712). Real progress in cartography began with the work of Nicola Sanson and his three sons. A man of wide inter , ests, including studies of science and antiquities, Sanson had been influenced by the French mathematician and philosopher Rene Descartes, who believed in the personals ity of mathematical exactitude in metaphysical reasoning. Sanson applied Descartes' approach to mathe , matical exactitude in his own work, and is known as the inventor of the sinusoidal projection — a way of illustrating a map so that it projects the entire surface of the earth with all parallels as straight lines evenly spaced, the central meridian as one half the length of the equator and all other meridians as curved lines. 19
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