Rice Genetics IV - IRRI books - International Rice Research Institute

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The functions of these sequences need further study. We also mapped 12 of theseclones to their respective chromosomal locations and the correspondence between themap locations and the single-locus QTLs and epistatic loci remains to be established.PerspectivesThe tools of genetic mapping and functional genomics that are available today havemade it possible to precisely characterize the mechanism of heterosis. As demonstratedin our studies, genetic mapping using molecular markers can determine thegenomic locations of loci (single-locus QTLs and also epistatic interactions) that controlthe performance and heterosis of the traits. Such analyses can also provide informationregarding the magnitudes of the effects of the QTLs and epistatic loci on thetrait. Gene expression analysis, using techniques such as differential display, subtractivecDNA cloning, or cDNA microarray, can lead to the identification of genes thatare differentially expressed between the parents and the hybrid, or between highlyheterotic hybrids and nonheterotic hybrids. There is also a considerable need for physiologicaland biochemical characterization of the nature of the genes involved in heterosisas well as the processes underlying heterosis. We believe that comprehensiveanalysis combining the differentially expressed genes, genetically determined QTLsand epistatic loci, and physiologically characterized biochemical processes will eventuallylead to complete elucidation of the biology of heterosis.ReferencesAllard RW. 1956. Formulas and tables to facilitate the calculation of recombination values inheredity. Hilgardia 24:235-278.Causse MA, Fulton TM, Cho YG, Ahn SN, Chunwongse J, Wu KS, Xiao JH, Yu ZH, RonaldPC, Harrington SE, Second G, McCouch SR, Tanksley SD. 1994. Saturated molecular mapof the rice genome based on an interspecific backcross population. Genetics 138:1251-1274.Davenport CB. 1908. Degeneration, albinism and inbreeding. Science 28:454-455.East EM. 1908. Inbreeding in corn. Reports of the Connecticut Experiment Station for years1907-1908. p 419-428.Kurata N, Nagamura Y, Yamamoto K, Harushima Y, Sue N, Wu J, Antonio BA, Shomura A,Shimizu T, Lin SY, Inoue T, Fukuda A, Shimano T, Kuboki Y, Toyama T, Miyamoto Y,Kirihara T, Hayasaka K, Miyao A, Monna L, Zhong HS, Tamura Y, Wang ZX, Momma T,Umehara Y, Yano M, Sasaki T, Minobe Y. 1994. A 300-kilobase interval genetic map ofrice including 883 expressed sequences. Nat. Genet. 8:365-372.Liang P, Pardee AB. 1992. Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of thepolymerase chain reaction. Science 257:967-971.Lincoln S, Daly M, Lander E. 1992a. Mapping genes controlling quantitative traits withMAPMAKER/QTL 1.1. Whitehead Institute Technical Report, 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.,USA.Lincoln S, Daly M, Lander E. 1992b. Constructing genetic maps with Mapmaker/Exp 3.0.Whitehead Institute Technical Report, Cambridge, Mass., USA.184 Qifa Zhang et al
Saghai Maroof MA, Yang GP, Zhang Q, Gravois KA. 1997. Correlation between molecularmarker distance and hybrid performance in U.S. southern long grain rice. Crop Sci. 37:145-150.Shull GH. 1908. The composition of a field of maize. Am. Breed. Assoc. 4:296-301.Stuber CW, Lincoln SE, Wolff DW, Helentjaris T, Lander E. 1992. Identification of geneticfactors contributing to heterosis in a hybrid from elite maize inbred lines using molecularmarkers. Genetics 132:823-839.Xiao J, Li J, Yuan L, Tanksley SD. 1995. Dominance is the major genetic basis of heterosis inrice as revealed by QTL analysis using molecular markers. Genetics 140:745-754.Xiong LZ, Xu CG, Saghai Maroof MA, Zhang Q. 1998. Patterns of cytosine methylation in anelite rice hybrid and its parental lines detected by a methylation-sensitive amplificationpolymorphism technique. Mol. Gen. Genet. 261:439-446.Yu SB, Li JX, Xu CG, Tan YF, Gao YJ, Li XH, Zhang Q, Saghai Maroof MA. 1997. Importanceof epistasis as the genetic basis of heterosis in an elite rice hybrid. Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 94:9226-9231.Zhang Q, Gao YJ, Yang SH, Ragab RA, Saghai Maroof MA, Li ZB. 1994. A diallel analysis ofheterosis in elite hybrid rice based on RFLPs and microsatellites. Theor. Appl. Genet. 89:185-192.Zhang Q, Gao YJ, Saghai Maroof MA, Yang SH, Li JX. 1995. Molecular divergence and hybridperformance in rice. Mol. Breed. 1:133-142.Zhang Q, Zhou ZQ, Yang GP, Xu CG, Liu KD, Saghai Maroof MA.1996. Molecular markerheterozygosity and hybrid performance in indica and japonica rice. Theor. Appl. Genet.93:1218-1224.Zhao MF, Li XH, Yang JB, Xu CG, Hu RY, Liu DJ, Zhang Q. 1999. Relationship betweenmolecular marker heterozygosity and hybrid performance in intra- and inter-subspecificcrosses of rice. Plant Breed. 118:139-144.NotesAuthors’ address: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong AgriculturalUniversity, Wuhan 430070, China.Acknowledgment: The research presented in this chapter was supported by a grant from theNational Natural Science Foundation of China and a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.Citation: Khush GS, Brar DS, Hardy B, editors. 2001. Rice genetics IV. Proceedings of theFourth International Rice Genetics Symposium, 22-27 October 2000, Los Baños, Philippines.New Delhi (India): Science Publishers, Inc., and Los Baños (Philippines): InternationalRice Research Institute. 488 p.Genetic and molecular basis of heterosis in rice 185
Page 6:
Retrotransposons of rice as a tool
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First, the Rice Genetics Cooperativ
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OverviewRice genetics from Mendel t
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Rice genetics from Mendelto functio
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nese cultivar Nipponbare. The chrom
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Gene symbolization in riceIn the ab
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Table 2. Some examples of mapping g
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and YAC libraries, respectively. Th
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gene from wild species is the intro
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ReferencesAbbasi FM, Brar DS, Carpe
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Nagao S. 1951. Genic analysis and l
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Yoshimura S, Yamanouchi U, Katayose
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important traits for which segregat
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trolled by a single recessive gene,
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AromaAromatic rice varieties often
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Submergence tolerance is an interes
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Kinoshita T, Maekawa M. 1986. Genet
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: J.N. Rut
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The Rockefeller Foundation has a lo
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Evolution and implementation of the
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Scientific progress and outputsIn t
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Another salient example is that of
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BOX NO. 1recent international works
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For the purposes of this discussion
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Because of the great diversity (sci
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eeders where final products to enha
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Chen S, Lin XH, Xu CG, Zhang Q. 200
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Toenniessen GH. 1998. Rice biotechn
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Molecular markers,genetic diversity
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Evolution and domestication of rice
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ABCDO. barthiiO. rufipogonO. longis
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Wild(O. rufipogon)Geographical diff
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South Asia (particularly on the wes
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al 1992, Sun et al 1996a,b,c), thou
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wild and cultivated types (Est10, W
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Cai HW, Morishima H. 2000a. Diversi
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Sato YI, Tang SX, Yang LU, Tang LH.
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The solid base laid by classical ri
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The synthesis shown in Figure 1 is
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Arabidopsis, long heralded as a “
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Monocots and eudicots: Is there sti
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Zhang H, Jia J, Gale MD, Devos KM.
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ility of rice productivity (Lu 1999
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Table 1 continuedIntrageneric class
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Molecular markers and evolutionary
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A100100521010078100991009894100O. s
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Two distinct types of sequences wer
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arthii and O. longistaminata, and t
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testing Ka/Ks between the homeologo
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Roschevicz RI. 1931. A contribution
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Miniature inverted repeattransposab
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eau and Wessler 1992, 1994), rice (
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MITEs as a source of allelic divers
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ATIR Olo-D* Olo-CTIRBCas Exp Wan Sn
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Le QH, Wright S, Yu Z, Bureau T. 20
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Microsatellite markers in rice:abun
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make the best SSR markers for rice.
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Predicted frequency100,00080,000Cla
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Relationship between SSRs and genes
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are indicated with RM locus designa
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SSRs have been used to define intro
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provide a bridge for moving rapidly
Page 145 and 146: Ishii T, McCouch SR. 2000. Microsat
Page 147: NotesAuthors’ addresses: S.R. McC
Page 150 and 151: traits of economic importance (Mack
Page 152 and 153: Table 2. Tagging and mapping of som
Page 154 and 155: even at the juvenile stage. Several
Page 156 and 157: Chen et al (2000) transferred the b
Page 158 and 159: genome sequence of rice, this will
Page 160 and 161: Kurata N, Nagamura Y, Yamamoto K, H
Page 162 and 163: Witcombe JR, Hash CT. 2000. Resista
Page 165 and 166: QTL mapping in rice:a few critical
Page 167 and 168: M-QTLsM-QTLs are defined as single
Page 169 and 170: (genetic/statistical models and cor
Page 171 and 172: Table 5. The percentage of three ty
Page 173 and 174: Table 7. Some environment-specific
Page 175 and 176: ferently to the environments. Simil
Page 177 and 178: (case 3), one may infer that this g
Page 179 and 180: Simultaneous QTL introgression and
Page 181 and 182: Doebley J, Stec A, Gustus C. 1995.
Page 183: Visscher PM, Haley CS, Thompson R.
Page 186 and 187: unavailable until recently with the
Page 188 and 189: Table 1 continued.Trait QTL a Flank
Page 190 and 191: the remaining parts of the linkage
Page 192 and 193: Table 3. QTLs detected for yield an
Page 194 and 195: Table 6. Correlations of various pa
Page 199 and 200: Structural and functional genomicsT
Page 201 and 202: The International Rice GenomeSequen
Page 203 and 204: the RGP, a PAC (P1-derived artifici
Page 205 and 206: Progress of sequencing in the RGPWe
Page 207 and 208: ice genome sequencing to organize a
Page 209 and 210: Strategies and techniquesfor finish
Page 211 and 212: uses the quality values generated b
Page 213 and 214: with the advanced techniques requir
Page 215 and 216: times contain sufficient data to ma
Page 217 and 218: amplification of regions that previ
Page 219 and 220: 4. Structure problems—subcloning
Page 221 and 222: estriction maps or optical maps are
Page 223 and 224: nal assembly may point to areas tha
Page 225 and 226: McMurray AA, Sulston JE, Quail MA.
Page 227 and 228: Sequence-tagged connector/DNA finge
Page 229 and 230: 1999). The development of multiple-
Page 231 and 232: Transposable elements in the rice H
Page 233 and 234: ers, maps, mapping populations, and
Page 235 and 236: Miropeats-OSJNBa0065H03 1.2 cMThres
Page 237: NotesAuthors’ addresses: R.A. Win
Page 240 and 241: Sasaki 1997). Such analysis is ofte
Page 242 and 243: ABNipponbare × KasalathF 2QTL anal
Page 244 and 245: were classified into two groups bas
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effective at determining the genoty
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addition, some accessions of wild r
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Sasaki T, Burr T. 2000. Internation
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Mutational analysis has long been t
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marked by a deletion/chromosomal re
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analysis suggests that the mutation
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For drought-response screening, our
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Pi-7(t)Xa21Xa10Xa3Xa4Pi-1(t)Pi-k, P
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Although mutants with discrete gene
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Generation of T-DNA insertionaltagg
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Aprobe AEEprobe BpGA1633RBgus Tn p3
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Number of loci36%224%170%010 20 30F
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Table 2. GUS assay in roots of tran
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1999, Krysan et al 1999, Sato et al
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Transposons and functionalgenomics
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cesses. To study the interactions a
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Constructs were made with the aim o
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RBcis-effect of the adjacent strong
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Ac knockout mutagenesisThe Ac lines
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Table 2 summarizes the transformati
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ReferencesBaldwin D, Crane V, Rice
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: R. Greco
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These include T-DNA (Azpiroz-Leehan
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polyproteins and two identical 138-
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mutant. The mutation in the ent-kau
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primers (G1, G2) and two Tos17-spec
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of insertion mutants by sequencing
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Grandbastien M-A, Spielman A, Caboc
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: H. Hiroc
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human endeavor, greatly contributed
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Equally important as the genomic in
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Oryzabase is one of the most recent
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Database structureA characteristic
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types of users. An annotation datab
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ReferencesAntonio BA, Fang Z, Sanch
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Gene isolation and functionEnhancin
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Enhancing deployment of genes forbl
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mochi and Tsuyuake (Wu et al 1996).
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tive indica rice varieties supports
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transcription factor, resulting in
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facilitate breeding durable resista
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(Inukai et al 1994, Yu et al 1996,
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Rossman AY, Howard RJ, Valent B. 19
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Molecular signaling in diseaseresis
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AOsRac1IED II III IV 214aaOsRac1 KC
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Japonica rice variety Kinmaze, whic
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Table 1. Characteristics of lesion-
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an effective inducer of host resist
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Takahashi A, Kawasaki T, Henmi K, S
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et al 2000). Sequence analysis of t
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612-amino acid protein, including t
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Genetic dissection of the Xa21-medi
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ReferencesAnderson PA, Lawrence GJ,
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Isolation of candidate genesfor tol
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Materials and methodsPlant material
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Microarray hybridization and data a
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Table 3. Most abundant transcripts
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Microarray technologyThe rapid accu
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view of procedures, pitfalls, and n
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Log(2) ratio1.51.0OC104E01—WCP1OC
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Table 5. Strongly regulated transcr
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ReferencesAdams MD, Soares MB, Kerl
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Acknowledgments: We thank Chris Bor
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y cells separating during tissue de
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(Erwee and Goodwin 1983). The sympl
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tion between the abundance of CDK t
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in a complex of 105 kDa. These resu
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Drew MC, Jackson MB, Giffard S. 197
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Umeda M, Umeda-Hara C, Yamaguchi M,
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asexual reproduction through apomix
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MPManual pollination by breeders×
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Search for apomixis in riceThere ar
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Issues related to achieving synthet
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come and may use imprinting to achi
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Embryo-inducing geneInactive ablati
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M 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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embryos, several genes characterist
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Our search for a rice homologue of
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sequenced the two rice DMC1 genes a
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Gustine DL, Sherwood RT, Huff DR. 1
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Peel MD, Carman JG, Leblanc O. 1997
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TransformationEngineering for virus
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Engineering for virusresistance in
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proteins, (2) the expression of dys
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Antisense and cosuppression RNA. Ex
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Table 1. Transgenic rice with patho
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the disease symptoms. Efforts from
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an ambisense coding strategy (Fig.
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first produced and shown to have vi
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McLean GD, Evans G. 1997. Some pote
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Waterhouse PM, Upadhyaya NM. 1998.
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duction in response to dehydration
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(KIKEKLPG) in the carboxyl terminus
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These three plasmids were used to t
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We now show the effects of the toba
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Since one major goal of plant scien
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Table 4. Copy number of transgenes
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Chan M-T, Chang H-H, Ho S-L, Tang W
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NotesAuthors’ address: Department
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initially fixed by phosphoenolpyruv
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High-level expression of maize C 4-
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The effect of illumination on PPDK
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ate in 2% O 2 can be limited by Pi
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Transgene integration,organization,
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duced by organogenesis, somatic emb
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ing transgene organization. FISH an
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ments and the integration of exogen
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Level 2: activation of local repair
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strongly suggested that plant facto
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other cases it was not. We observed
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Gorbunova V, Levy AA. 1997. Non-hom
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Gene silencing and itsreactivation
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Carbofuran (trade name, Furadan) is
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Akb4xHpaIIJKA52 (R 0)52-6 (R 1)52-9
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ABCDhptuidAmUbi1kb10.08.05.04.13.0F
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Fig. 4. X-gluc staining of germinat
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eflect different causes for silenci
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Table 4. Suppressors of silencing f
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Garrick D, Fiering S, Martin DI, Wh
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Xu Y, Buchholz WG, DeRose RT, Hall
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Rice molecular breeding workshopThi
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the working group can develop a net
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Rice genetics cooperativeA meeting
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