Rice Genetics IV - IRRI books - International Rice Research Institute

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in a complex of 105 kDa. These results indicate that R2 is closely related to CAKs ofanimals and fission yeast in terms of its phosphorylation activity.Plant cyclins are classified into either mitotic cyclins (A- and B-type) or D-typecyclins (Mironov et al 1999, Renaudin et al 1996). Figure 2 shows the systematic classificationof plant cyclin genes. We isolated a third class of cyclins from poplar and riceplants (Yamaguchi et al 2000). Their deduced amino acid sequences had high similarityto that of vertebrate cyclin H, especially in the cyclin box region. Poplar and rice cyclinH were expressed in all tissues although their transcripts were abundant in suspensioncells and tissues with cell division activity. Moreover, transcripts of Os;cycH;1 weremost abundant in the meristematic region of the growing rice internode, but were alsofound at lower levels in elongating and differentiated cells in deepwater rice. This is incontrast to mitotic cyclin genes whose expression is restricted to dividing cells (Umedaet al 1999a). In the growing internode, Os;cycH;1 transcripts clearly increased at 6 hafter submergence and then moderately decreased. Lorbiecke and Sauter (1998) demonstratedthat, at 4 h after submergence, more cells in the meristem began to replicateOs;CycA1;2 (Oryza sativa)Bn;CycA1 (Brassica napus)Nt;CycA1;1 (Nicotiana tabacum)Gm;CycA1 (Glycine max)Os;CycA1;1 (Oryza sativa)Zm;CycA1;2 (Zea mays)Gm;CycA3 (Glycine max)Nt;CycA3;1 (Nicotiana tabacum)Nt;CycA3;3 (Nicotiana tabacum)Nt;CycA3;2 (Nicotiana tabacum)Ms;CycA2 (Medicago sativa)Nt;CycA2 (Nicotiana tabacum)At;CycA2;1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)At;CycA2;2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)Bn;CycA2 (Brassica napus)Gm;CycA2 (Glycine max)Zm;CycB1;1 (Zea mays)Zm;CycB1;2 (Zea mays)Gm;CycB1;3 (Glycine max)Nt;CycB1;2 (Nicotiana tabacum)Gm;CycB1;1 (Glycine max)Pc;CycB1 (Petroselinum crispum)Nt;CycB1;1 (Nicotiana tabacum)Am;CycB1;1 (Antirrhinum majus)Am;CycB1;2 (Antirrhinum majus)At;CycB1;1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)At;CycB1;2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)Os;CycB2;2 (Oryza sativa)Os;CycB2;1 (Oryza sativa)Zm;CycB2 (Zea mays)Ms;CycB2;1 (Medicago sativa)Ms;CycB2;2 (Medicago sativa)At;CycB2;1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)At;CycB2;2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)Fig. 2. Systematic classification of plant cyclin genes.CycA1CycA3CycA2CycB1CycB2372 Uchimiya et al
and, at 6 h, the population of S phase cells was at its peak with a threefold increase overuninduced plants. Between 6 h and 18 h of submergence, the number of cells in the Sphase leveled out to approximately twice the number found at 0 h. Therefore, the kineticpattern of Os;cycH;1 expression was similar to the kinetic pattern of S phase cells in themeristem. Moreover, in partially synchronized suspension cells of Os;cycH;1, transcriptswere abundant in the S phase. These data suggested that Os;cycH;1 expression wasinduced when cells entered the S phase at an elevated level and that CAK activity wasrequired for S phase progression.In plants, only little information is available about which cyclin binds to whichCDK to form an active kinase complex. Two Arabidopsis D-type cyclins, At;CycD1;1and At;CycD4;1, were capable of interacting with Cdc2aAt and Cdc2bAt in the yeasttwo-hybrid system (De Veylder et al 1997, 1999). Immunoprecipitates of tobaccoextract with anti-Nt;CycD3;1 antibody contained a protein that cross-reacted with theanti-PSTAIRE antibody, and that Cdc2Nt1-CycD3 complex was able to phosphorylateRb-related protein in vitro, whereas Cdc2Nt1 alone did not exhibit a phosphorylationactivity (Nakagami et al 1999). However, whether Nt;CycD3;1 specificallyactivates Cdc2Nt1 in tobacco remains to be determined. Therefore, rice cyclin H wouldbe the first plant cyclin whose specific partner has been identified (Yamaguchi et al2001).ReferencesArmstrong W. 1971. Radial oxygen losses from rice roots as affected by distance from theapex, respiration and water logging. Physiol. Plant 25:192-197.Armstrong J, Armstrong W. 1994. Chlorophyll development in mature lysigenous and schizogenousroot aerenchyma provides evidence of continuing cortical cell viability. New Phytol.126:493-497.Berg C, Willemsen V, Hage W, Weisbeek P, Scheres B. 1995. Cell fate in the Arabidopsis rootmeristem determined by directional signaling. Nature 378:62-65.Campbell R, Drew MC. 1983. Electron microscopy of gas space (aerenchyma) formation inadventitious roots of Zea mays L. subjected to oxygen shortage. Planta 157:350-357.Clark LH, Harris WH. 1981. Observation on the root anatomy of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Am. J.Bot. 68:154-161.Clarkson DT, Robards AW. 1975. The endodermis, its structural development and physiologicalrole. In: The development and function of roots. London (UK): Academic Press. p 415-436.Das DK, Jat RL. 1977. Influence of three soil water regimes on root porosity and growth offour rice varieties. Agron. J. 69:197-210.De Veylder L, Segers G, Glab N, Van Montagu M, Inzé D. 1997. Identification of proteinsinteracting with the Arabidopsis Cdc2aAt protein. J. Exp. Bot. 48:2113-2114.De Veylder L, Engler JA, Burssens S, Manevski A, Lescure B, Van Montagu M, Engler G, InzéD. 1999. A new D-type cyclin of Arabidopsis thaliana expressed during lateral root primordiaformation. Planta 208:453-462.Delong A, Calderon-Urrea A, Dellaporta SL. 1993. Sex determination gene TASSELSEED 2 ofmaize encodes a short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase required for stage-specific floral organabortion. Cell 74:757-768.Molecular dissection of cell death in rice 373
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Retrotransposons of rice as a tool
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First, the Rice Genetics Cooperativ
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OverviewRice genetics from Mendel t
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Rice genetics from Mendelto functio
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nese cultivar Nipponbare. The chrom
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Gene symbolization in riceIn the ab
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Table 2. Some examples of mapping g
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and YAC libraries, respectively. Th
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gene from wild species is the intro
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ReferencesAbbasi FM, Brar DS, Carpe
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Nagao S. 1951. Genic analysis and l
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Yoshimura S, Yamanouchi U, Katayose
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important traits for which segregat
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trolled by a single recessive gene,
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AromaAromatic rice varieties often
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Submergence tolerance is an interes
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Kinoshita T, Maekawa M. 1986. Genet
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: J.N. Rut
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The Rockefeller Foundation has a lo
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Evolution and implementation of the
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Scientific progress and outputsIn t
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Another salient example is that of
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BOX NO. 1recent international works
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For the purposes of this discussion
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Because of the great diversity (sci
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eeders where final products to enha
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Chen S, Lin XH, Xu CG, Zhang Q. 200
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Toenniessen GH. 1998. Rice biotechn
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Molecular markers,genetic diversity
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Evolution and domestication of rice
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ABCDO. barthiiO. rufipogonO. longis
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Wild(O. rufipogon)Geographical diff
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South Asia (particularly on the wes
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al 1992, Sun et al 1996a,b,c), thou
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wild and cultivated types (Est10, W
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Cai HW, Morishima H. 2000a. Diversi
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Sato YI, Tang SX, Yang LU, Tang LH.
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The solid base laid by classical ri
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The synthesis shown in Figure 1 is
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Arabidopsis, long heralded as a “
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Monocots and eudicots: Is there sti
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Zhang H, Jia J, Gale MD, Devos KM.
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ility of rice productivity (Lu 1999
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Table 1 continuedIntrageneric class
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Molecular markers and evolutionary
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A100100521010078100991009894100O. s
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Two distinct types of sequences wer
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arthii and O. longistaminata, and t
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testing Ka/Ks between the homeologo
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Roschevicz RI. 1931. A contribution
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Miniature inverted repeattransposab
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eau and Wessler 1992, 1994), rice (
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MITEs as a source of allelic divers
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ATIR Olo-D* Olo-CTIRBCas Exp Wan Sn
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Le QH, Wright S, Yu Z, Bureau T. 20
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Microsatellite markers in rice:abun
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make the best SSR markers for rice.
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Predicted frequency100,00080,000Cla
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Relationship between SSRs and genes
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are indicated with RM locus designa
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SSRs have been used to define intro
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provide a bridge for moving rapidly
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Ishii T, McCouch SR. 2000. Microsat
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: S.R. McC
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traits of economic importance (Mack
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Table 2. Tagging and mapping of som
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even at the juvenile stage. Several
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Chen et al (2000) transferred the b
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genome sequence of rice, this will
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Kurata N, Nagamura Y, Yamamoto K, H
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Witcombe JR, Hash CT. 2000. Resista
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QTL mapping in rice:a few critical
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M-QTLsM-QTLs are defined as single
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(genetic/statistical models and cor
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Table 5. The percentage of three ty
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Table 7. Some environment-specific
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ferently to the environments. Simil
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(case 3), one may infer that this g
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Simultaneous QTL introgression and
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Doebley J, Stec A, Gustus C. 1995.
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Visscher PM, Haley CS, Thompson R.
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unavailable until recently with the
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Table 1 continued.Trait QTL a Flank
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the remaining parts of the linkage
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Table 3. QTLs detected for yield an
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Table 6. Correlations of various pa
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The functions of these sequences ne
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Structural and functional genomicsT
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The International Rice GenomeSequen
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the RGP, a PAC (P1-derived artifici
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Progress of sequencing in the RGPWe
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ice genome sequencing to organize a
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Strategies and techniquesfor finish
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uses the quality values generated b
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with the advanced techniques requir
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times contain sufficient data to ma
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amplification of regions that previ
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4. Structure problems—subcloning
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estriction maps or optical maps are
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nal assembly may point to areas tha
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McMurray AA, Sulston JE, Quail MA.
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Sequence-tagged connector/DNA finge
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1999). The development of multiple-
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Transposable elements in the rice H
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ers, maps, mapping populations, and
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Miropeats-OSJNBa0065H03 1.2 cMThres
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: R.A. Win
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Sasaki 1997). Such analysis is ofte
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ABNipponbare × KasalathF 2QTL anal
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were classified into two groups bas
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effective at determining the genoty
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addition, some accessions of wild r
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Sasaki T, Burr T. 2000. Internation
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Mutational analysis has long been t
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marked by a deletion/chromosomal re
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analysis suggests that the mutation
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For drought-response screening, our
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Pi-7(t)Xa21Xa10Xa3Xa4Pi-1(t)Pi-k, P
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Although mutants with discrete gene
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Generation of T-DNA insertionaltagg
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Aprobe AEEprobe BpGA1633RBgus Tn p3
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Number of loci36%224%170%010 20 30F
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Table 2. GUS assay in roots of tran
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1999, Krysan et al 1999, Sato et al
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Transposons and functionalgenomics
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cesses. To study the interactions a
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Constructs were made with the aim o
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RBcis-effect of the adjacent strong
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Ac knockout mutagenesisThe Ac lines
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Table 2 summarizes the transformati
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ReferencesBaldwin D, Crane V, Rice
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: R. Greco
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These include T-DNA (Azpiroz-Leehan
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polyproteins and two identical 138-
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mutant. The mutation in the ent-kau
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primers (G1, G2) and two Tos17-spec
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of insertion mutants by sequencing
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Grandbastien M-A, Spielman A, Caboc
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: H. Hiroc
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human endeavor, greatly contributed
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Equally important as the genomic in
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Oryzabase is one of the most recent
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Database structureA characteristic
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types of users. An annotation datab
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ReferencesAntonio BA, Fang Z, Sanch
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Gene isolation and functionEnhancin
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Enhancing deployment of genes forbl
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mochi and Tsuyuake (Wu et al 1996).
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tive indica rice varieties supports
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transcription factor, resulting in
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facilitate breeding durable resista
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(Inukai et al 1994, Yu et al 1996,
Page 333 and 334: Rossman AY, Howard RJ, Valent B. 19
Page 335 and 336: Molecular signaling in diseaseresis
Page 337 and 338: AOsRac1IED II III IV 214aaOsRac1 KC
Page 339 and 340: Japonica rice variety Kinmaze, whic
Page 341 and 342: Table 1. Characteristics of lesion-
Page 343 and 344: an effective inducer of host resist
Page 345: Takahashi A, Kawasaki T, Henmi K, S
Page 348 and 349: et al 2000). Sequence analysis of t
Page 350 and 351: 612-amino acid protein, including t
Page 352 and 353: Genetic dissection of the Xa21-medi
Page 354 and 355: ReferencesAnderson PA, Lawrence GJ,
Page 357 and 358: Isolation of candidate genesfor tol
Page 359 and 360: Materials and methodsPlant material
Page 361 and 362: Microarray hybridization and data a
Page 363 and 364: Table 3. Most abundant transcripts
Page 365 and 366: Microarray technologyThe rapid accu
Page 367 and 368: view of procedures, pitfalls, and n
Page 369 and 370: Log(2) ratio1.51.0OC104E01—WCP1OC
Page 371 and 372: Table 5. Strongly regulated transcr
Page 373 and 374: ReferencesAdams MD, Soares MB, Kerl
Page 375: Acknowledgments: We thank Chris Bor
Page 378 and 379: y cells separating during tissue de
Page 380 and 381: (Erwee and Goodwin 1983). The sympl
Page 382 and 383: tion between the abundance of CDK t
Page 386 and 387: Drew MC, Jackson MB, Giffard S. 197
Page 388 and 389: Umeda M, Umeda-Hara C, Yamaguchi M,
Page 390 and 391: asexual reproduction through apomix
Page 392 and 393: MPManual pollination by breeders×
Page 394 and 395: Search for apomixis in riceThere ar
Page 396 and 397: Issues related to achieving synthet
Page 398 and 399: come and may use imprinting to achi
Page 400 and 401: Embryo-inducing geneInactive ablati
Page 402 and 403: M 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Page 404 and 405: embryos, several genes characterist
Page 406 and 407: Our search for a rice homologue of
Page 408 and 409: sequenced the two rice DMC1 genes a
Page 410 and 411: Gustine DL, Sherwood RT, Huff DR. 1
Page 412 and 413: Peel MD, Carman JG, Leblanc O. 1997
Page 415 and 416: TransformationEngineering for virus
Page 417 and 418: Engineering for virusresistance in
Page 419 and 420: proteins, (2) the expression of dys
Page 421 and 422: Antisense and cosuppression RNA. Ex
Page 423 and 424: Table 1. Transgenic rice with patho
Page 425 and 426: the disease symptoms. Efforts from
Page 427 and 428: an ambisense coding strategy (Fig.
Page 429 and 430: first produced and shown to have vi
Page 431 and 432: McLean GD, Evans G. 1997. Some pote
Page 433: Waterhouse PM, Upadhyaya NM. 1998.
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duction in response to dehydration
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(KIKEKLPG) in the carboxyl terminus
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These three plasmids were used to t
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We now show the effects of the toba
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Since one major goal of plant scien
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Table 4. Copy number of transgenes
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Chan M-T, Chang H-H, Ho S-L, Tang W
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NotesAuthors’ address: Department
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initially fixed by phosphoenolpyruv
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High-level expression of maize C 4-
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The effect of illumination on PPDK
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ate in 2% O 2 can be limited by Pi
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Transgene integration,organization,
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duced by organogenesis, somatic emb
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ing transgene organization. FISH an
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ments and the integration of exogen
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Level 2: activation of local repair
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strongly suggested that plant facto
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other cases it was not. We observed
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Gorbunova V, Levy AA. 1997. Non-hom
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Gene silencing and itsreactivation
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Carbofuran (trade name, Furadan) is
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Akb4xHpaIIJKA52 (R 0)52-6 (R 1)52-9
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ABCDhptuidAmUbi1kb10.08.05.04.13.0F
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Fig. 4. X-gluc staining of germinat
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eflect different causes for silenci
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Table 4. Suppressors of silencing f
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Garrick D, Fiering S, Martin DI, Wh
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Xu Y, Buchholz WG, DeRose RT, Hall
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Rice molecular breeding workshopThi
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the working group can develop a net
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Rice genetics cooperativeA meeting
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