Rice Genetics IV - IRRI books - International Rice Research Institute

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M 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 MFig. 5. Reverse transcriptase-PCR shows that a rice homologue of barley nucellin is expressed most strongly 1–4 days after flowering (DAF) in IR64.Sources of RNA for RT-PCR: roots (1), embryogenic calli (2), coleoptile (3), anthers (4), leaves (5), spikelets at –3, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 DAF(6–15), emasculated spikelet at 2 DAF (18). IR64 genomic DNA (19) shows a larger PCR product (800 bp) than RT-PCR products (400 bp) becauseof presence of two introns (total length 400 bp). RT-PCR of RNA from CMS A line V20A (16) and restorer line V20B (17) at 2 DAF.390 Bennett et al
1996), and a putative hydroxyproline-rich protein of the extensin family (barley, Sturaroet al 1998).All of the above proteins are expressed abundantly 0–10 d after flowering, whenthe nucellus is undergoing programmed cell death to supply nutrients and space forthe developing grain and embryo. We are more interested in identifying genes that areexpressed earlier in nucellar formation, prior to the initiation of programmed celldeath. Schiefthaler et al (1999) have identified a gene, NOZZLE (NZZ), that is involvedin pattern formation and early sporogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. In severalnzz mutants, the nucellus and the pollen sac fail to form, indicating that NZZplays an early and central role in the development of both types of sporangia. NZZmay also have an early function during male and female sporogenesis. It is speculatedthat NZZ is a nuclear protein and possibly a transcription factor. If rice contains ahomologue of NZZ, its expression would mark the earliest limit for nucellar geneexpression. Genes that operate downstream from NZZ might be useful candidates forearly induction of nucellar embryogenesis.Another gene that is likely to be expressed in the nucellus is ASG-1 (apomixisspecificgene), discovered by Chen et al 1999. They sampled different developmentalstages of embryo sac formation in obligate sexual and facultatively apomictic genotypesof guinea grass (Panicum maximum). From a cDNA library, they isolated astage-specific cDNA clone of a gene that they designated ASG-1. The gene was expressedin flower buds of the apomictic but not of the sexual accession. The gene wasexpressed only during a phase characterized by the appearance of aposporous initialcells in the nucellus. The appearance of these cells is strictly limited to apomicticgenotypes. The gene codes for a 34.2-kDa protein related in sequence to various knownproteins, including RD22, a seed-specific and drought-induced gene of Arabidopsisthaliana, and Polyg1, a polygalacturonase 1 beta chain precursor of Lycopersiconesculentum. A rice homologue of RD22 has already been reported by the <strong>Rice</strong> GenomeProject of Japan.Genes for induction of apomictic embryosTwo mutations (lec1 and pkl) in Arabidopsis have implicated the corresponding proteinsin the control of ectopic embryogenesis. We have isolated rice homologues ofthese genes to test their embryogenic potential in rice.Leafy cotyledon 1 (lec1) is an embryo-defective mutation that affects cotyledonidentity in Arabidopsis (West et al 1994). Mutant cotyledons possess a cellular organizationthat is intermediate between that of cotyledons and leaves from wild-typeplants; for example, they possess trichomes, which are normally restricted to leaves.Several lines of evidence suggest that the control of late embryogenesis is compromisedby the mutation. First, although mutant embryos were desiccation-intolerant,they could be rescued before they dried and yielded homozygous recessive plants thatproduced defective embryos exclusively. Second, although many genes normally expressedduring embryonic development were active in the mutant, at least one maturationphase-specific gene (12S storage proteins) was not activated. Third, the shootapical meristem was activated precociously in mutant embryos. Fourth, in mutantMolecular tools for achieving synthetic apomixis in hybrid rice 391
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Retrotransposons of rice as a tool
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First, the Rice Genetics Cooperativ
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OverviewRice genetics from Mendel t
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Rice genetics from Mendelto functio
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nese cultivar Nipponbare. The chrom
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Gene symbolization in riceIn the ab
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Table 2. Some examples of mapping g
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and YAC libraries, respectively. Th
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gene from wild species is the intro
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ReferencesAbbasi FM, Brar DS, Carpe
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Nagao S. 1951. Genic analysis and l
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Yoshimura S, Yamanouchi U, Katayose
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important traits for which segregat
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trolled by a single recessive gene,
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AromaAromatic rice varieties often
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Submergence tolerance is an interes
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Kinoshita T, Maekawa M. 1986. Genet
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: J.N. Rut
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The Rockefeller Foundation has a lo
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Evolution and implementation of the
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Scientific progress and outputsIn t
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Another salient example is that of
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BOX NO. 1recent international works
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For the purposes of this discussion
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Because of the great diversity (sci
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eeders where final products to enha
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Chen S, Lin XH, Xu CG, Zhang Q. 200
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Toenniessen GH. 1998. Rice biotechn
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Molecular markers,genetic diversity
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Evolution and domestication of rice
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ABCDO. barthiiO. rufipogonO. longis
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Wild(O. rufipogon)Geographical diff
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South Asia (particularly on the wes
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al 1992, Sun et al 1996a,b,c), thou
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wild and cultivated types (Est10, W
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Cai HW, Morishima H. 2000a. Diversi
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Sato YI, Tang SX, Yang LU, Tang LH.
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The solid base laid by classical ri
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The synthesis shown in Figure 1 is
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Arabidopsis, long heralded as a “
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Monocots and eudicots: Is there sti
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Zhang H, Jia J, Gale MD, Devos KM.
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ility of rice productivity (Lu 1999
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Table 1 continuedIntrageneric class
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Molecular markers and evolutionary
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A100100521010078100991009894100O. s
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Two distinct types of sequences wer
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arthii and O. longistaminata, and t
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testing Ka/Ks between the homeologo
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Roschevicz RI. 1931. A contribution
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Miniature inverted repeattransposab
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eau and Wessler 1992, 1994), rice (
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MITEs as a source of allelic divers
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ATIR Olo-D* Olo-CTIRBCas Exp Wan Sn
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Le QH, Wright S, Yu Z, Bureau T. 20
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Microsatellite markers in rice:abun
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make the best SSR markers for rice.
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Predicted frequency100,00080,000Cla
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Relationship between SSRs and genes
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are indicated with RM locus designa
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SSRs have been used to define intro
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provide a bridge for moving rapidly
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Ishii T, McCouch SR. 2000. Microsat
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: S.R. McC
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traits of economic importance (Mack
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Table 2. Tagging and mapping of som
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even at the juvenile stage. Several
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Chen et al (2000) transferred the b
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genome sequence of rice, this will
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Kurata N, Nagamura Y, Yamamoto K, H
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Witcombe JR, Hash CT. 2000. Resista
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QTL mapping in rice:a few critical
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M-QTLsM-QTLs are defined as single
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(genetic/statistical models and cor
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Table 5. The percentage of three ty
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Table 7. Some environment-specific
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ferently to the environments. Simil
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(case 3), one may infer that this g
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Simultaneous QTL introgression and
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Doebley J, Stec A, Gustus C. 1995.
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Visscher PM, Haley CS, Thompson R.
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unavailable until recently with the
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Table 1 continued.Trait QTL a Flank
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the remaining parts of the linkage
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Table 3. QTLs detected for yield an
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Table 6. Correlations of various pa
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The functions of these sequences ne
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Structural and functional genomicsT
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The International Rice GenomeSequen
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the RGP, a PAC (P1-derived artifici
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Progress of sequencing in the RGPWe
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ice genome sequencing to organize a
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Strategies and techniquesfor finish
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uses the quality values generated b
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with the advanced techniques requir
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times contain sufficient data to ma
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amplification of regions that previ
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4. Structure problems—subcloning
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estriction maps or optical maps are
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nal assembly may point to areas tha
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McMurray AA, Sulston JE, Quail MA.
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Sequence-tagged connector/DNA finge
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1999). The development of multiple-
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Transposable elements in the rice H
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ers, maps, mapping populations, and
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Miropeats-OSJNBa0065H03 1.2 cMThres
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: R.A. Win
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Sasaki 1997). Such analysis is ofte
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ABNipponbare × KasalathF 2QTL anal
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were classified into two groups bas
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effective at determining the genoty
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addition, some accessions of wild r
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Sasaki T, Burr T. 2000. Internation
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Mutational analysis has long been t
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marked by a deletion/chromosomal re
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analysis suggests that the mutation
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For drought-response screening, our
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Pi-7(t)Xa21Xa10Xa3Xa4Pi-1(t)Pi-k, P
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Although mutants with discrete gene
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Generation of T-DNA insertionaltagg
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Aprobe AEEprobe BpGA1633RBgus Tn p3
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Number of loci36%224%170%010 20 30F
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Table 2. GUS assay in roots of tran
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1999, Krysan et al 1999, Sato et al
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Transposons and functionalgenomics
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cesses. To study the interactions a
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Constructs were made with the aim o
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RBcis-effect of the adjacent strong
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Ac knockout mutagenesisThe Ac lines
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Table 2 summarizes the transformati
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ReferencesBaldwin D, Crane V, Rice
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: R. Greco
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These include T-DNA (Azpiroz-Leehan
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polyproteins and two identical 138-
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mutant. The mutation in the ent-kau
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primers (G1, G2) and two Tos17-spec
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of insertion mutants by sequencing
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Grandbastien M-A, Spielman A, Caboc
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NotesAuthors’ addresses: H. Hiroc
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human endeavor, greatly contributed
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Equally important as the genomic in
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Oryzabase is one of the most recent
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Database structureA characteristic
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types of users. An annotation datab
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ReferencesAntonio BA, Fang Z, Sanch
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Gene isolation and functionEnhancin
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Enhancing deployment of genes forbl
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mochi and Tsuyuake (Wu et al 1996).
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tive indica rice varieties supports
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transcription factor, resulting in
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facilitate breeding durable resista
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(Inukai et al 1994, Yu et al 1996,
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Rossman AY, Howard RJ, Valent B. 19
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Molecular signaling in diseaseresis
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AOsRac1IED II III IV 214aaOsRac1 KC
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Japonica rice variety Kinmaze, whic
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Table 1. Characteristics of lesion-
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an effective inducer of host resist
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Takahashi A, Kawasaki T, Henmi K, S
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et al 2000). Sequence analysis of t
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612-amino acid protein, including t
Page 352 and 353: Genetic dissection of the Xa21-medi
Page 354 and 355: ReferencesAnderson PA, Lawrence GJ,
Page 357 and 358: Isolation of candidate genesfor tol
Page 359 and 360: Materials and methodsPlant material
Page 361 and 362: Microarray hybridization and data a
Page 363 and 364: Table 3. Most abundant transcripts
Page 365 and 366: Microarray technologyThe rapid accu
Page 367 and 368: view of procedures, pitfalls, and n
Page 369 and 370: Log(2) ratio1.51.0OC104E01—WCP1OC
Page 371 and 372: Table 5. Strongly regulated transcr
Page 373 and 374: ReferencesAdams MD, Soares MB, Kerl
Page 375: Acknowledgments: We thank Chris Bor
Page 378 and 379: y cells separating during tissue de
Page 380 and 381: (Erwee and Goodwin 1983). The sympl
Page 382 and 383: tion between the abundance of CDK t
Page 384 and 385: in a complex of 105 kDa. These resu
Page 386 and 387: Drew MC, Jackson MB, Giffard S. 197
Page 388 and 389: Umeda M, Umeda-Hara C, Yamaguchi M,
Page 390 and 391: asexual reproduction through apomix
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Page 394 and 395: Search for apomixis in riceThere ar
Page 396 and 397: Issues related to achieving synthet
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Page 400 and 401: Embryo-inducing geneInactive ablati
Page 404 and 405: embryos, several genes characterist
Page 406 and 407: Our search for a rice homologue of
Page 408 and 409: sequenced the two rice DMC1 genes a
Page 410 and 411: Gustine DL, Sherwood RT, Huff DR. 1
Page 412 and 413: Peel MD, Carman JG, Leblanc O. 1997
Page 415 and 416: TransformationEngineering for virus
Page 417 and 418: Engineering for virusresistance in
Page 419 and 420: proteins, (2) the expression of dys
Page 421 and 422: Antisense and cosuppression RNA. Ex
Page 423 and 424: Table 1. Transgenic rice with patho
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Page 427 and 428: an ambisense coding strategy (Fig.
Page 429 and 430: first produced and shown to have vi
Page 431 and 432: McLean GD, Evans G. 1997. Some pote
Page 433: Waterhouse PM, Upadhyaya NM. 1998.
Page 436 and 437: duction in response to dehydration
Page 438 and 439: (KIKEKLPG) in the carboxyl terminus
Page 440 and 441: These three plasmids were used to t
Page 442 and 443: We now show the effects of the toba
Page 444 and 445: Since one major goal of plant scien
Page 446 and 447: Table 4. Copy number of transgenes
Page 448 and 449: Chan M-T, Chang H-H, Ho S-L, Tang W
Page 450 and 451: NotesAuthors’ address: Department
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initially fixed by phosphoenolpyruv
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High-level expression of maize C 4-
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The effect of illumination on PPDK
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ate in 2% O 2 can be limited by Pi
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Transgene integration,organization,
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duced by organogenesis, somatic emb
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ing transgene organization. FISH an
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ments and the integration of exogen
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Level 2: activation of local repair
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strongly suggested that plant facto
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other cases it was not. We observed
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Gorbunova V, Levy AA. 1997. Non-hom
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Gene silencing and itsreactivation
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Carbofuran (trade name, Furadan) is
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Akb4xHpaIIJKA52 (R 0)52-6 (R 1)52-9
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ABCDhptuidAmUbi1kb10.08.05.04.13.0F
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Fig. 4. X-gluc staining of germinat
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eflect different causes for silenci
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Table 4. Suppressors of silencing f
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Garrick D, Fiering S, Martin DI, Wh
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Xu Y, Buchholz WG, DeRose RT, Hall
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Rice molecular breeding workshopThi
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the working group can develop a net
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Rice genetics cooperativeA meeting
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