Lebanon Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment - UNEP

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LEBANONPOST-CONFLICT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTMap 3.Land use in Lebanon36°ENahr El K ebirNahr El KebirWadi AwikNahr El KebirWadi AwikNa her OstoueneHalbar a n ea nS e aBatrounAmiounWadi AsfourNaher Al JaouzTripoliWadi BarsaWadi BarsaAliNaher AbouEl MinieZghartaNaher Abou AliNa h er Ab o u AliN a her El BaredSir Ed DanniyeBcharreHermelNahr El AssiNah r El AssiNahr El Assi34°Nt e rM e d iJounieWadi AnteliasWadi BacchtaWadW adi MadWadi MouhnaneWadi GhazirWadi Fid ari JouniehfounWadi MouhnaneJbeilNaherNaher ElKelbIbrahi mtaniNaher El LiBaalbekNa hr El As si34°NBeirutWadi GhadirJdaideBaabdaAleyNaher BeirutZahlehNaher El LitaniBeit ed DineWadi IklimEl KharroubJoub JanineSaghbineWadiEl MansiyyeSaidaNaher SainikJezzineRachaiyaDamascusWadi South Said aN aher Zahra niNaher El LitaniNaher AbouAssouadHasbeyaNabatiyeh MarjayounNaher El HasbaniWadi AbuZebleTyre (Sour)Land useWetlandsWadi Merj HineWadi AlIzziyeBint JbeilUNDOFWoodlandsWater bodiesGrasslands33°NGolanHeightsUnproductive areasAgricultural areasArtificial areas33°NKilometres Sources : Admin (GIST, Vmap0 for Southern Border) ;Roads (VMAP); Mohafaza, Caza, Rivers, Cities,0 10 20 30 40 50Railroads, Airport, Port, Land-Use 1998 (SDATL:Lambert Levant Conformal Conic ProjectionSchéma Directeur de l'Aménagement du Territoire Libanais).The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.20 • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme •
COUNTRY CONTEXTVegetationRelative to its size, Lebanon has one of the highestdensities of floral diversity in the Mediterraneanbasin 4 and boasts a high percentage of endemicplant species. Vegetation types range fromsubtropical and desert to alpine. Olive trees, figtrees and grapevines are abundant on lower ground,while cedar, maple, juniper, fir, cypress, oak, andpine trees are found at higher altitudes.There is evidence that Lebanon was heavily forestedin ancient and medieval times, but most naturalvegetation has been grazed, burnt or cut, and littlehas regenerated. At present, forests and woodlandscover only approximately 13 per cent of the overallarea of Lebanon (4.89 per cent dense woodlandsand 8.43 per cent clear woodlands) 5 . Excessivefelling, over-grazing, urban development, fires, andpests currently threaten Lebanese forests 6 . In 2001,the Ministry of Environment initiated a NationalReforestation Plan aimed at restoring the country’sgreen cover to a target of 20 per cent 7 .FaunaLebanon is host to nearly 4,500 known fauna species,of which insects make up 27 per cent 8 . AlthoughStone pinesexcessive hunting has killed off most wild mammals,jackals are still found in the wilder rural regions, andgazelles and rabbits are numerous in the south. Manyvarieties of rodents, including mice and gerbils, andmany types of reptiles, such as lizards and snakes,may be found. Approximately one third of existingmammals are rare, and another 39 per cent arevulnerable species. The wolf, wildcat, mongoose andsquirrel are close to extinction 9 . Deforestation, urbanencroachment, new roads, drainage of wetlands,bio-accumulation of agro-chemical residues, andhunting are the major sources of pressure on themammalian fauna of Lebanon 10 .In addition, at least 372 species of birds havebeen recorded on Lebanese territory 11 : thrushes,nightingales, and other songbirds are native toLebanon, but partridges, pigeons, vultures, andeagles, for example, can also be found. A numberof bird species are endangered and the overallpopulation is declining, due to the excessive andinappropriate use of pesticides, the disappearance ofnatural biotopes, urban expansion, and hunting 12 .Finally, over 200 marine fish species from 140 generahave been identified, and an additional 25 species areconfirmed to exist in Lebanese freshwater systems 13 .However, the generaldeterioration of the coast– due to the combinedeffects of concentratedresidential, industrial, andtourism development,infrastructure andactivities – is exertingincreasing pressure onmarine habitats andcoastal ecosystems.Indeed, Lebanon’spopulation and economicactivity are concentratedin the coastal zone,which extends overapproximately 162,000ha of coastal plains andmountains (16 per centof Lebanon’s surfacearea), is inhabited by anestimated 2.5 millionpeople, and contributesover 70 per cent ofLebanon’s GDP 14 .• United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme •21
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Solid and HazardousWasteA fleet of
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SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTEMap 7.Samp
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SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTEvectors, i
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SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTEThe Khiam
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Coastal and MarineEnvironmentVolunt
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Wadi Abu ZebleCOASTAL AND MARINE EN
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COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTMap 1
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COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTTable
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COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTMarin
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COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTUNEP
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Main Findings andRecommendationsBad
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