Lebanon Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment - UNEP

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LEBANONPOST-CONFLICT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTThe levels of aliphatic hydrocarbons in thedust and rubble samples collected close to thedestroyed machinery indicate that some machineoil was spilt. Due to the relatively small amountsof oil in the machines, the possibility of moreextensive soil contamination was discounted.Surface and groundwaterA groundwater sample was collected downgradientfrom the site to determine whether anypollutants originating on site had migrated intothe underlying aquifer.Field measurements indicate that the water ismarginally brackish. This may be due to salinereturn drainage from surrounding agriculturalland, as well as to rock water interaction.Meanwhile, laboratory analysis detected levels ofchromium (Cr +3 ) (1 μg/litre) at the environmentalscreening threshold, while nickel and zinc exceedthe target value. The chromium is likely to haveoriginated from the chromium salts used inthe factory. The faecal coliform count was alsoexceptionally high (1200/100 ml), indicatingsignificant sewage contamination and presentinga very high risk for users.A water sample was also taken from a sub-surfacestorage tank at the site to determine whether itcontains any pollutants that could migrate if itsintegrity had been compromised in the air raid.In terms of their physical parameters, the qualityof the storage and groundwater is similar. Theslightly elevated levels of BOD and CODin the water from the storage tank (see table14) are most likely due to the fact that it hadremained stagnant for the previous three months.Copper, nickel, selenium and zinc were detectedabove environmental screening criteria. Thegroundwater does not appear to be affectedby the polluted storage water, though seepagefrom the tank could potentially contaminate theshallow underlying aquifer.Waste managementThe extensive destruction of the Maliban glassfactory generated a significant amount of solidwaste to be disposed of, some of which ispotentially hazardous in nature. Disposal shouldinclude but not necessarily be limited to thefollowing:demolition waste, composed primarily of steelbeams, aluminium sheeting, and concreterubble;heavy mechanical equipment used in the glassmakingprocess;chemicals used in the glass-making process,including chromium salt (Cr 2O 3) and sodiumcarbonate; andisolated areas of soil contaminated with spiltlubricating oils.AsbestosGenerally, the insulation material found on thesite was man-made mineral wool and modernceramic fibres used for the insulation of thekilns. Very little material appeared to containasbestos.In the storage area, a single-story building had anasbestos flue pipe, as well as an asbestos cementsoffit board above the door. Both, however,were in good condition and considered fit forpurpose.RecommendationsUrgent short-term measures(0 – 3 months)1. To avoid the risk of heavily impacting thegroundwater, both the sodium and thechromium salts should be recovered andrelocated to an area protected from rain beforethe rainy season starts.Table 14. Sample no: 8WW1 (E766749, N3732018)Laboratory AnalysisParameter Unit Concentration WHO StandardsBOD mg/litre 2 NilCOD mg/litre 84 Nil70 • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme •
INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN CONTAMINATION<strong>UNEP</strong> team with Ministry of Environment counterparts inspect glass factory for radiation2. The stagnant water in the storage tank shouldbe removed as early as possible to avoidgroundwater pollution.3. The debris and rubble should be removed fromthe site as soon as possible. It is anticipatedthat much of the demolition waste will havea recycling value in the local market, and willtherefore not need to be disposed of.4. Removing the rubble will reveal the actualextent of any oil spills that may be hiddenunderneath.5. Any contaminated soil should be excavatedand disposed of appropriately.6. Due to the elevated faecal coliform levels,the site management should be advised notto use groundwater other than for industrialprocessing operations.Medium-term recommendations(3 months – 1 year)The groundwater in the vicinity of the site shouldbe tested on a regular basis to ensure that saltsand other chemicals used in the glass-makingprocess are not leaching into the relatively shallowgroundwater.Long-term recommendations(1 year +)Measures should be implemented to ensure thatpotential pollutants are handled appropriately fromthe perspective of personal and environmentalsafety.• United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme •71
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LebanonPost-Conflict Environmental
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IntroductionFrench navy experts on
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Main Findings andRecommendationsBad
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