Lebanon Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment - UNEP

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LEBANONPOST-CONFLICT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTSoilLebanese soil, which is typically Mediterraneanin character, varies widely in quality and productivity.Because Lebanon is predominantlymountainous, its soil is generally very shallow,fragile and prone to erosion. Even in the Beqaaplain, it is rarely more than a few metres deep.The region’s lithology has contributed to thediversification of soil resources, most of which isbase-saturated calcareous soil, except for the sandysoil formed on the basal cretaceous strata. The mostwidely represented types of soil are the Terra-Rossa(red Meditarranean soil) and Rendzinas, whichrepresent about 70 per cent of Lebanese soil 15 .EconomyThe Lebanese economy is chiefly based on theservices sector. Tourism, trade and bankingconstitute the principal sources of both incomeand foreign earnings, with smaller contributionscoming from the industrial and agricultural sectors.While its competitive and free market regime havelong made the country a banking and trading hubamong Arab countries, its pleasant climate andmany historic landmarks have continually attractedlarge numbers of tourists. Tourism is particularlyimportant, as many other areas of the economyalso depend on it, including the construction andreal estate sectors. The services sector employs themajority of the Lebanese workforce and contributesover 70 per cent of the annual gross domesticproduct 16 .The industrial sector ranks second in both workforceand GDP contribution, with 12,03 per cent ofLebanon’s GDP in 2000 17 . Most industries inLebanon are light manufacturing plants (more than90 per cent employ less than ten people). Whilethere are 23 industrial branches in Lebanon (notincluding water, power and construction activities),the vast majority belong to the following eight 18 :food and beverages, fabricated metal products,non-metallic mineral products, furniture, clothing,wood products, leather products, and textiles. In2005, Lebanon’s principal exports were machinery,jewellery, metals, foodstuffs and chemicals.Street vendor in South Beirut22 • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme •
COUNTRY CONTEXTEveryday life in the heavily bombed southern suburbs of BeirutLebanon produces crops in five major categories:cereals, fruit, olives, industrial crops (suchas tobacco and sugar beets) and vegetables.Agricultural production is concentrated in theBeqaa plain, which accounts for 42 per cent ofthe total cultivated land 19 . Livestock productionis also an important activity, particularly in themountains and in the Baalbeck-Hermel area onthe eastern mountain chain, where soil fertility isrelatively low 20 .The 1975-1990 civil war seriously damagedLebanon’s economic infrastructure, but theeconomy witnessed its strongest period ofsustained growth since 1995 in the first half of2006, before the July – August war. Based largelyon the tourism sector, the growth was reversedby the conflict, which damaged infrastructureand trade.A number of international donors agreed to provideaid and assist reconstruction in the wake of the July-August conflict. During the conflict itself, SaudiArabia and Kuwait pledged funds for humanitarianassistance and reconstruction and offered the Banquedu Liban (the central bank) low-interest loans to shoreup the currency. Significant aid continued to arrivefrom other Arab countries in the months after thewar, covering a large portion of total reconstructioncosts 21 . On 31 August 2006, a donor conference heldin Stockholm and attended by ministers from over 60countries, as well as UN, World Bank, InternationalMonetary Fund and Red Cross officials, raised USD940 million for the reconstruction of Lebanon.Major contributors at the conference included Qatar,the United States, the Arab Fund for Economic andSocial Development, Saudi Arabia, the EuropeanCommission, the United Arab Emirates, the UnitedKingdom, Italy, Spain and Sweden 22 .• United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme • United Nations Environment Programme •23
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Main Findings andRecommendationsBad
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