Neurology Edited by Professor Emeritus Desire' Dubounet, IMUNE

As presented, the peak of the first upward phase described excitation underelectrode A. At the end of the first monophasic action potential, when the indicatorread zero, the whole tissue was active. The beginning of the second upward phaseindicated the start of recovery under electrode B; total recovery occurred when thesecond upward monophasic action potential was completed. To summarize, intissue that is totally occupied by excitation before recovery occurs anywhere, if thetwo phases of the action potential are in the opposite direction, excitation andrecovery travel in the same direction. This implies general skin voltage readings,not acupuncture points. If the two phases are in the same direction, excitation andrecovery travel in opposite directions. This can often be found in the heart of a coldbloodedanimal and in homogenous tissue; the latter is characteristic of themammalian ventricles. Acupuncture meridians show the characteristic voltagechanges, but follow uncharacteristic impedance variance from other skin tissue.This phenomenon accounts for electroacupuncture.Injured Tissue Effects On Action PotentialA surprising observation associated with the measurement of actionpotentials with extracellular electrodes, applied directly to injured tissue, is theappearance of wave forms that resemble, to a remarkable degree, those obtainedwith transmembrane electrodes. Many papers presenting such records usuallystate that one electrode was placed on uninjured tissue and the other was overinjured tissue. This allows for the electrical location of trauma cases and aquantifiable means of rating the injury. Such a sophisticated instrument ismanufactured by QXCI. This instrument can be passed down the spine to measurevoltage, amperage, resistance, and temperature of the skin next to the vertebrae.From this we can measure spinal injuries quite accurately.As we have demonstrated, if two electrodes are placed on the surface of auniform strip of irritable tissue, a diphasic action potential is recorded when thetissue responds to a stimulus. Excitation and recovery under the first electrode arefound in the first phase; the second indicates the same event under the secondelectrode. If the two electrodes are close together, the phases will be temporallycloser. If one of the surface electrodes is advanced through the membrane into thecell, the membrane potential appears. If the cell is excited, the monophasic actionpotential will be recorded rising from, and returning to, the resting membranepotential. This shows two boundary conditions (i.e., both electrodes areextracellular), which give rise to the idealized diphasic action potential; when oneelectrode is extracellular and the other is intracellular, the idealized monophasicaction potential results. Imagine a strip of irritable tissue, injured at one end (i.e.,depolarized) by crushing at B as in Fig. G. The membrane potential is not fullymaintained all the way to the site of injury.5