Premenstrual Syndromes : PMS and PMDD - Rutuja :: The site ...

Linkage: the association of genes and/or markers that
lie near each other on a chromosome. Linked genes and
markers tend to be inherited together.
Locus: the place on a chromosome where a specific
gene is located (plural: loci).
Nucleotide: one of the structural components of DNA
and RNA, consisting of a base (guanine, thymine,
adenine, or cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and a
molecule of phosphoric acid.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction): a fast, inexpensive
technique for making an unlimited number of copies of
any piece of DNA.
Phenotype: the observable traits or characteristics of an
organism, such as hair color, weight, or presence or
absence of disease.
Polymorphism: a common variant in the sequence of
DNA among individuals.
Promoter: the part of a gene that contains the information
to turn the gene on or off. The process of transcription
is initiated at the promoter.
RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphisms):
genetic variations at a site where a restriction enzyme
cuts a piece of DNA. Such variations affect the size of
the resulting fragments.
SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism): common, single
nucleotide variations that occur in human DNA at a
frequency of one every 1000 bases.
Transcription: the process through which a DNA
sequence is copied to produce a complementary RNA;
i.e. the transfer of information from DNA to RNA.
VNTR: short repeated segments of identical DNA at a
particular locus in the human genome. This number of
repeated units varies between individuals.
REFERENCES
1. Weissman MM, Klerman GL. Depression: current understanding
and changing trends. Annu Rev Public Health 1992; 13:319–39.
2. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ et al. Cross-national epidemiology
of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA
1996; 276(4):293–9.
3. De Ronchi D, Muro A, Marziani A, Rucci P. Personality disorders
and depressive symptoms in late luteal phase dysphoric disorder.
Psychother Psychosom 2000; 69(1):27–34.
4. De Ronchi D, Ujkaj M, Boaron F et al. Symptoms of depression
in late luteal phase dysphoric disorder: a variant of mood disorder?
J Affect Disord 2005; 86(2–3):169–74.
5. Harlow BL, Cohen LS, Otto MW, Spiegelman D, Cramer DW.
Early life menstrual characteristics and pregnancy experiences
among women with and without major depression: the Harvard
study of moods and cycles. J Affect Disord 2004; 79(1–3):
167–76.
6. Harlow BL, Cohen LS, Otto MW, Spiegelman D, Cramer DW.
Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms in older premenopausal
women: the Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56(5):418–24.
GENETICS 167
7. Maskall DD, Lam RW, Misri S et al. Seasonality of symptoms in
women with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. Am J Psychiatry
1997; 154(10):1436–41.
8. Hendrick V, Altshuler LL. Recurrent mood shifts of premenstrual
dysphoric disorder can be mistaken for rapid-cycling
bipolar II disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(9):479–80.
9. Barnhart KT, Freeman EW, Sondheimer SJ. A clinician’s guide
to the premenstrual syndrome. Med Clin North Am 1995;
79(6):1457–72.
10. Halbreich U, Endicott J. Relationship of dysphoric premenstrual
changes to depressive disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985;
71(4):331–8.
11. Roca CA, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR. A follow-up study of premenstrual
syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(11):763–6.
12. Dalton K, Dalton ME, Guthrie K. Incidence of the premenstrual
syndrome in twins. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 295(6605):
1027–8.
13. Condon JT. The premenstrual syndrome: a twin study. Br J
Psychiatry 1993; 162:481–6.
14. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Corey LA, Neale MC.
Longitudinal population-based twin study of retrospectively
reported premenstrual symptoms and lifetime major depression.
Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155(9):1234–40.
15. Widholm O, Kantero RL. A statistical analysis of the menstrual
patterns of 8,000 Finnish girls and their mothers. Acta Obstet
Gynecol Scand Suppl 1971; 14(Suppl 14):1–36.
16. Dennerstein L, Brown JB, Gotts G et al. Menstrual cycle hormonal
profiles of women with and without premenstrual syndrome.
J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 14(4):259–68.
17. Cerin A, Collins A, Landgren BM, Eneroth P. Hormonal and
biochemical profiles of premenstrual syndrome. Treatment
with essential fatty acids. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;
72(5):337–43.
18. Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Su TP, Tobin MB, Rubinow DR.
Pituitary–adrenal hormones and testosterone across the menstrual
cycle in women with premenstrual syndrome and controls.
Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43(12):897–903.
19. O’Brien PM, Selby C, Symonds EM. Progesterone, fluid, and
electrolytes in premenstrual syndrome. Br Med J 1980;
280(6224):1161–3.
20. Hammarback S, Damber JE, Backstrom T. Relationship between
symptom severity and hormone changes in women with premenstrual
syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68(1):125–30.
21. van Leusden HA. Premenstrual syndrome no progesterone; premenstrual
dysphoric disorder no serotonin deficiency. Lancet
1995; 346(8988):1443–4.
22. Ashby CR Jr, Carr LA, Cook CL, Steptoe MM, Franks DD.
Inhibition of serotonin uptake in rat brain synaptosomes by
plasma from patients with premenstrual syndrome. Biol
Psychiatry 1992; 31(11):1169–71.
23. Ashby CR Jr, Carr LA, Cook C, Steptoe MM, Franks DD. Effect
of plasma from premenstrual syndrome and control patients on
human platelet and rat brain synaptosome monoamine oxidase
B activity. Neuropsychobiology 1992; 25(3):121–5.
24. Ashby CR Jr, Carr LA, Cook CL, Steptoe MM, Franks DD.
Alteration of 5-HT uptake by plasma fractions in the premenstrual
syndrome. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1990; 79(1–2):41–50.
25. Ashby CR Jr, Carr LA, Cook CL, Steptoe MM, Franks DD.
Alteration of platelet serotonergic mechanisms and monoamine
oxidase activity in premenstrual syndrome. Biol Psychiatry
1988; 24(2):225–33.
26. Halbreich U, Tworek H. Altered serotonergic activity in women
with dysphoric premenstrual syndromes. Int J Psychiatry Med
1993; 23(1):1–27.
27. Rapkin AJ. The role of serotonin in premenstrual syndrome.
Clin Obstet Gynecol 1992; 35(3):629–36.