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Long-Term Suppressive Therapy 325 51. Schonbeck U, Sukhova GK, Gerdes N, Libby P. T(H)2 predominant immune responses prevail in human abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Pathol 2002; 161(2):499–506. 52. Halme S, Juvonen T, Laurila A, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae reactive T lymphocytes in the walls of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29(6):546–552. 53. Tambiah J, Powell JT. Chlamydia pneumoniae antigens facilitate experimental aortic dilatation: prevention with azithromycin. J Vasc Surg 2002; 36(5):1011–1017. 54. Lindholt JS, Juul S, Vammen S, et al. Immunoglobulin A antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae are associated with expansion of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 1999; 86(5):634–638. 55. Petersen E, Boman J, Wagberg F, Angquist KA. Presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in abdominal aortic aneurysms is not associated with increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 24(4):365–369. 56. Lindholt JS, Ostergard L, Henneberg EW, et al. Failure to demonstrate Chlamydia pneumoniae in symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1998; 15(2):161–164. 57. Pearce WH. Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm and the associated T cell reaction: a case study. J Vasc Surg 1992; 16(4):662–663. 58. Davis VA, Persidskaia RN, Baca-Regen LM, et al. Cytokine pattern in aneurysmal and occlusive disease of the aorta. J Surg Res 2001; 101(2):152–156. 59. Shteinberg D, Halak M, Shapiro S, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic occlusive disease: a comparison of risk factors and inflammatory response. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 20(5):462–465. 60. Rohde LE, Arroyo LH, Rifai N, et al. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 and abdominal aortic diameter among subjects without aortic dilatation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19(7):1695–1699. 61. Jones KG, Brull DJ, Brown LC, et al. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation 2001; 103(18):2260–2265. 62. Koch AE, Kunkel SL, Pearce WH, et al. Enhanced production of the chemotactic cytokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Pathol 1993; 142(5):1423–1431. 63. Satta J, Haukipuro K, Kairaluoma MI, Juvonen T. Aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen in the follow-up of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 1997; 25(5):909–915. 64. Hingorani A, Ascher E, Scheinman M, et al. The effect of tumor necrosis factor binding protein and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms in a rat model. J Vasc Surg 1998; 28(3):522–526. 65. Mizuguchi T, Collod-Beroud G, Akiyama T, et al. Heterozygous TGFBR2 mutations in Marfan syndrome. Nat Genet 2004; 36(8):855–860. 66. Mukherjee D, Eagle KA. Aortic dissection—an update. Curr Probl Cardiol 2005; 30(6):287–325. 67. Ramirez F, Dietz HC. Therapy insight: aortic aneurysm and dissection in Marfan‘s syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2004; 1(1):31–36. 68. Loeys BL, Chen J, Neptune ER, et al. A syndrome of altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal development caused by mutations in TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. Nat Genet 2005; 37(3):275–281. 69. Pannu H, Fadulu VT, Chang J, et al. Mutations in transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Circulation 2005; 112(4):513–520.
326 Hackmann et al. 70. LeMaire SA, Pannu H, Tran-Fadulu V, et al. Severe aortic and arterial aneurysms associated with a TGFBR2 mutation. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007. In press. 71. Isogai Z, Ono RN, Ushiro S, et al. Latent transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 interacts with fibrillin and is a microfibril-associated protein. J Biol Chem 2003; 278(4):2750–2757. 72. Habashi JP, Judge DP, Holm TM, et al. Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. Science 2006; 312(5770): 117–121. 73. Lopez-Candales A, Holmes DR, Liao S, et al. Decreased vascular smooth muscle cell density in medial degeneration of human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Pathol 1997; 150(3):993–1007. 74. Rowe VL, Stevens SL, Reddick TT, et al. Vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in aneurysmal, occlusive, and normal human aortas. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31(3): 567–576. 75. Henderson EL, Geng YJ, Sukhova GK, et al. Death of smooth muscle cells and expression of mediators of apoptosis by T lymphocytes in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation 1999; 99(1):96–104. 76. Jacob MP, Badier-Commander C, Fontaine V, et al. Extracellular matrix remodeling in the vascular wall. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2001; 49(4):326–332. 77. Liao S, Curci JA, Kelley BJ, et al. Accelerated replicative senescence of medial smooth muscle cells derived from abdominal aortic aneurysms compared to the adjacent inferior mesenteric artery. J Surg Res 2000; 92(1):85–95. 78. Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, et al. Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 2001; 22(18):1642–1681. 79. Silverman DI, Burton KJ, Gray J, et al. Life expectancy in the Marfan syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75(2):157–160. 80. Finkbohner R, Johnston D, Crawford ES, et al. Marfan syndrome. Long-term survival and complications after aortic aneurysm repair. Circulation 1995; 91(3):728–733. 81. Onitsuka S, Akashi H, Tayama K, et al. Long-term outcome and prognostic predictors of medically treated acute type B aortic dissections. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78(4): 1268–1273. 82. Fuster V, Andrews P. Medical treatment of the aorta. I. Cardiol Clin 1999; 17(4): 697–715, viii. 83. Simpson CF, Boucek RJ, Noble NL. Influence of D-, L-, and DL-propranolol, and practolol on beta-amino-propionitrile-induced aortic ruptures of turkeys. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1976; 38(1):169–175. 84. Beaven DW, Murphy EA. Dissecting aneurysm during methonium therapy: a report on nine cases treated for hypertension. Br Med J 1956(4958):77–80. 85. Shores J, Berger KR, Murphy EA, Pyeritz RE. Progression of aortic dilatation and the benefit of long-term beta-adrenergic blockade in Marfan’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1994; 330(19):1335–1341. 86. Rosen Roman MJ, Pini R, Kramer-Fox R, Devereux RB, et al. The impact of chronic beta blockade therapy on the arterial compliance in the Marfan syndrome [abstract]. Am J Med Genet 1993; 47:157. 87. Genoni M, Paul M, Jenni R, et al. Chronic beta-blocker therapy improves outcome and reduces treatment costs in chronic type B aortic dissection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 19(5):606–610.
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Acute Aortic Disease
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15. Heart Failure: Basic Science an
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52. Clinical, Interventional, and I
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Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 270 Ma
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Introduction Informa Healthcare has
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Foreword There is no disease more c
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Preface Over 100 years ago, the gre
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Preface xi Some distinguishing feat
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xiv Acknowledgments Above all, than
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xvi Contents 6. Genetic Basis of Th
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Contributors Nili Avidan Division o
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Contributors xxi Arun Raghupathy Di
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2 Nienaber and Ince Table 1 Risk Co
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4 Nienaber and Ince In addition to
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6 Nienaber and Ince CLASSIFICATION
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8 Nienaber and Ince Lansman’s Cla
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10 Nienaber and Ince Figure 4 Curve
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12 Nienaber and Ince Figure 6 Evolu
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14 Nienaber and Ince dissection, su
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16 Nienaber and Ince (A) (B) Probab
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18 Nienaber and Ince Table 5 Risk P
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20 Nienaber and Ince of the predila
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22 Nienaber and Ince 34. Pieters FA
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24 Nienaber and Ince 75. Mehta RH,
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26 Nienaber and Ince hematoma (IMH)
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28 Nienaber and Ince One good featu
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30 Isselbacher SYMPTOMS Pain Experi
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32 Isselbacher and wane in severity
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34 Isselbacher The mechanisms are u
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36 Isselbacher deficits are most co
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38 Isselbacher 3. Nallamothu BK, Me
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40 Danias spinal arteries) and the
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42 Danias Figure 2 Anteroposterior
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44 Danias However, due to the dista
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46 Danias TEE is highly sensitive f
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48 Danias faster, with higher resol
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50 Danias Figure 6 Transverse slice
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52 Danias hematoma, CT was reported
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54 Danias Figure 9 Transverse black
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56 Danias Figure 12 Single phase-co
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58 Danias restricted to the absolut
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60 Danias In conclusion, in the rig
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62 Danias DISCUSSION AND COMMENTARY
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64 Danias tomography, among others.
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66 Danias cardiac silhouette. The a
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68 Raghupathy and Eagle the inciden
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70 Raghupathy and Eagle Figure 1 Sp
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72 Raghupathy and Eagle SIGNS A tho
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74 Raghupathy and Eagle patients ma
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76 Raghupathy and Eagle Table 5 Dia
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78 Raghupathy and Eagle Table 6 A S
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80 Raghupathy and Eagle Figure 6 (A
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82 Raghupathy and Eagle Figure 9 (A
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84 Raghupathy and Eagle EDITOR’S
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86 Raghupathy and Eagle 30. Erbel R
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88 Raghupathy and Eagle is highly l
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90 Elefteriades and Rizzo required
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92 Elefteriades and Rizzo Table 1 S
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94 Elefteriades and Rizzo 70s, this
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96 Elefteriades and Rizzo Table 3 C
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98 Elefteriades and Rizzo DISCUSSIO
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100 Milewicz et al. KNOWN GENETIC S
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102 Milewicz et al. Table 2 Quick G
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104 Milewicz et al. ascending aorti
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106 Milewicz et al. Turner syndrome
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108 Milewicz et al. dissection in t
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110 Milewicz et al. Figure 5 Haplot
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112 Milewicz et al. A genome wide s
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114 Milewicz et al. Structural anal
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116 Milewicz et al. assembly of a h
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118 Milewicz et al. in the nuclei o
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120 Milewicz et al. 22. Furlong J,
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122 Milewicz et al. DISCUSSION AND
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124 Milewicz et al. Figure A Distri
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126 Elefteriades and Koullias Figur
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128 Elefteriades and Koullias prope
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8 Matrix Metalloproteinases in Aort
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Aortic
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INTRODUCTION 9 Inflammation and Rem
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Inflammation and Remodeling in the
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10 Weight Lifting and Aortic Dissec
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Weight Lifting and Aortic Dissectio
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11 Timing of Acute Aortic Events: H
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Timing of Acute Aortic Events 171 F
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SECTION IV: TREATMENT OF ACUTE AORT
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Natural History of Thoracic Aortic
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206 Shahriari and Farkas properties
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208 Shahriari and Farkas Figure 2 E
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210 Shahriari and Farkas Less than
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212 Shahriari and Farkas helpful if
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214 Shahriari and Farkas Figure 6 A
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216 Shahriari and Farkas (68). Many
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218 Shahriari and Farkas Figure 9 H
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220 Shahriari and Farkas fistula is
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222 Shahriari and Farkas MEGS is de
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224 Shahriari and Farkas 26. Svenss
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226 Shahriari and Farkas 63. Fehren
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14 Acute Aortic Dissection: Anti-im
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Acute Aortic Dissection 231 lamella
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Acute Aortic Dissection 233 P t is
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Acute Aortic Dissection 235 From th
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Acute Aortic Dissection 237 Figure
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Acute Aortic Dissection 239 concern
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Acute Aortic Dissection 241 Table 2
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Acute Aortic Dissection 243 dissect
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Acute Aortic Dissection 245 22. Bax
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Acute Aortic Dissection 247 62. Lin
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Acute Aortic Dissection 249 DISSCUS
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252 Elefteriades and Griepp ACUTE A
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254 Elefteriades and Griepp Figure
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256 Elefteriades and Griepp sometim
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262 Elefteriades and Griepp to a se
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264 Elefteriades and Griepp Natural
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266 Elefteriades and Griepp CONCLUS
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268 Elefteriades and Griepp DISCUSS
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270 Brinster et al. thoracic aneury
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272 Brinster et al. Figure 1 Retrop
Page 303 and 304: 274 Brinster et al. artery. Z3 land
Page 305 and 306: 276 Brinster et al. or ischemia of
Page 307 and 308: 278 Brinster et al. registry arm (2
Page 309 and 310: 280 Brinster et al. Table 3 Early P
Page 311 and 312: 282 Brinster et al. According to th
Page 313 and 314: 284 Brinster et al. ranged from 1 t
Page 315 and 316: Table 4 Meta-Analysis of Tevar for
Page 317 and 318: 288 Brinster et al. conventional op
Page 319 and 320: 290 Brinster et al. using no (or lo
Page 321 and 322: 292 Brinster et al. Table 5 Risk Fa
Page 323 and 324: 294 Brinster et al. wire manipulati
Page 325 and 326: 296 Brinster et al. Thoracoabdomina
Page 327 and 328: 298 Brinster et al. 25. Hagan PG, N
Page 329 and 330: 300 Brinster et al. 60. Elefteriade
Page 331 and 332: 302 Brinster et al. 98. Liu ZG, Sun
Page 333 and 334: 304 Brinster et al. 131. Szeto WY,
Page 335 and 336: 306 Brinster et al. 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 337 and 338: 308 Brinster et al. ● “Long-ter
Page 339 and 340: 310 Hackmann et al. treatment. New
Page 341 and 342: 312 Hackmann et al. tissue than in
Page 343 and 344: 314 Hackmann et al. Table 1 Pharmac
Page 345 and 346: 316 Hackmann et al. Some anti-hyper
Page 347 and 348: 318 Hackmann et al. inhibits NF-κB
Page 349 and 350: 320 Hackmann et al. Patients with C
Page 351 and 352: 322 Hackmann et al. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Page 353: 324 Hackmann et al. 34. Thompson RW
Page 357 and 358: 328 Hackmann et al. 105. Marra DE,
Page 359 and 360: 330 Hackmann et al. DISCUSSION AND
Page 361 and 362: 332 Elefteriades Diseases of the th
Page 363 and 364: 334 Elefteriades Table 1 Individual
Page 365 and 366: 336 Elefteriades Table 1 Individual
Page 367 and 368: 338 Elefteriades Failure to Diagnos
Page 369 and 370: 340 Elefteriades of physicians on t
Page 371 and 372: 342 Elefteriades Figure 3 Computed
Page 373 and 374: 344 Elefteriades reviewed over the
Page 375 and 376: 346 Elefteriades DISCUSSION AND COM
Page 377 and 378: 348 Elefteriades Figure 1 (See colo
Page 379 and 380: 350 Elefteriades that are the subje
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Page 386 and 387: The Key Lessons of This Book—In a
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Page 391 and 392: 362 Index Aging, aortic aneurysms a
Page 393 and 394: 364 Index Cytokines, aortic aneurys
Page 395 and 396: 366 Index Pathoanatomy classificati
Page 397 and 398: 368 Index [Thoracic aortic aneurysm
Page 399 and 400: Figure 1.C Note from schematic depi
Page 401 and 402: Figure 8.1 Dramatic clinical exampl
Page 403 and 404: Figure 11.2 Proposed schema for the
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Figure 19.1 Future prospects in car
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