Male Infertility A child of my own - Andrology Australia

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DIAGNOSISSemen analysischecks all thecomponents ofsemen• The presence of sperm antibodies. Sometimes,the immune system recognises the man’s ownsperm as foreign and develops antibodies againstthem which can cause fertility problems• The presence of white blood cells in the ejaculate.High numbers of white blood cells may be a signof an infection of the reproductive tractWhat hormones are tested?Testosterone and the pituitary hormones, FSH(follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinisinghormone) circulate in the blood and can be easilymeasured in a blood test if hormonal problems aresuspected. Combined with results from a semenanalysis, the following diagnoses can be possiblecauses of male infertility. However, reasons forinfertility can be different for each individual man.MALE INFERTILITY 22
SpermnumbersLow orzeroLow orzeroLow orzeroFSH LH TestosteroneVeryLowVeryHighVeryHighVeryLowVeryHighVery LowLow toNormalPituitary gland problemscan cause poor FSH and LHproduction, which lead to lowtestosterone and infertilityHigh levels of FSH and LH,together with low to normallevels of testosterone, showa problem in the testesNormal Normal In many infertile men,the testosterone producingcells (Leydig cells) in thetestes are working normallyand only the sperm-producingtubules (seminiferous tubules)are a problem. The body makesmore FSH to try and overcomethe problemZero Normal Normal Normal Possible blockage to sperm flowMALE INFERTILITY 23
Page 1 and 2: MALEINFERTILITYA CHILD OF MY OWNA B
Page 3 and 4: MALE INFERTILITYInfertility - Not j
Page 5 and 6: MALEREPRODUCTIONWhat are sperm?Sper
Page 7 and 8: Before birth, the developing testes
Page 9 and 10: Cross-section of sperm-producing tu
Page 11 and 12: The levels of FSH and LH in the blo
Page 13 and 14: Where can sperm production go wrong
Page 15 and 16: SIGNS &SYMPTOMSWhat is male inferti
Page 17 and 18: CAUSESWhat are the known causes of
Page 19 and 20: Sperm productionproblemsBlockage of
Page 21 and 22: DIAGNOSISHow is male infertility di
Page 23: Ultrasound may be used if the teste
Page 27 and 28: Another blood test which can be don
Page 29 and 30: What if no cause is found?For most
Page 31 and 32: temporarily lower a sperm count for
Page 33 and 34: using methods approved by the World
Page 35 and 36: TREATMENTCan male infertility be tr
Page 37 and 38: Treatable causes of male infertilit
Page 39 and 40: What about assisted reproductive te
Page 41 and 42: not affecting sperm production or t
Page 43 and 44: ecome pregnant avoid exposure to an
Page 45 and 46: HAVINGA FAMILYWhat are the chances
Page 47 and 48: very low sperm counts who previousl
Page 49 and 50: What issues need to be thought abou
Page 51 and 52: Childhood developmentLarge studies
Page 53 and 54: Chances of finding sperm are low fo
Page 55 and 56: Semen collectionFor most types of I
Page 57 and 58: What are the success rates with ART
Page 59 and 60: Adoption of babies and children fro
Page 61 and 62: Most men also feel the need to unde
Page 63 and 64: attention is paid to the infertile
Page 65 and 66: APPENDICESMALE INFERTILITY 63
Page 67 and 68: What are the risks of hormonal trea
Page 69 and 70: Most men with Klinefelter’s syndr
Page 71 and 72: What are other considerations for m
Page 73 and 74: Even when this problem is surgicall
Page 75 and 76:
How do sexually transmitted infecti
Page 77 and 78:
APPENDICESTORSION OF THE TESTISWhat
Page 79 and 80:
APPENDICESHEATHow does temperature
Page 81 and 82:
APPENDICESVARICOCELEWhat is a varic
Page 83 and 84:
APPENDICESSPERM ANTIBODIESWhat are
Page 85 and 86:
What are the risks of medicine trea
Page 87 and 88:
Alternatively, sperm can be collect
Page 89 and 90:
APPENDICESABSENCE OF VAS DEFERENSWh
Page 91 and 92:
APPENDICESERECTION &EJACULATION PRO
Page 93 and 94:
What are the risks with erectiledys
Page 95 and 96:
What are the risks of ejaculation t
Page 97 and 98:
How does chemotherapy affect fertil
Page 99 and 100:
Where can sperm be stored?Sperm is
Page 101 and 102:
Environmental and chemical agents,
Page 103 and 104:
APPENDICESRADIATIONHow does radiati
Page 105 and 106:
SUPPORTThis booklet gives informati
Page 107 and 108:
Websites of relevanceAccessAustrali
Page 109 and 110:
chromosomes Structures in each cell
Page 111 and 112:
oligozoospermia (or oligospermia) A
Page 113 and 114:
spermaturia Spermaturia is the rele
Page 115 and 116:
AUTHORSProfessor Robert McLachlanMM
Page 117 and 118:
Assisted reproductive technologies
Page 119 and 120:
7Halliday, JL, Ukoumunne OC, Baker
Page 121:
Postal address:Andrology AustraliaM
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