Male Infertility A child of my own - Andrology Australia

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SEMENANALYSISA semen analysisis a vital part ofdiagnosing maleinfertilityWhat is semen analysis?Semen analysis is the laboratory testing of freshlyejaculated semen. Under a microscope, the number,shape and movement of sperm are measured.Where should men go for semen analysis?Special equipment and expertise are needed toaccurately do a semen analysis. Therefore testingshould take place at specialised laboratories thatuse methods approved by the World HealthOrganisation (WHO).How is semen collected for testing?Semen testing should be done on a freshlyejaculated semen sample (within two hours ofbeing produced). For the test, a semen sampleis best produced into a jar by masturbating in aprivate room at the laboratory. It is important thatnone of the semen sample is lost. As sperm aremostly in the first part of the ejaculate, losing thefirst part of the ejaculate can give a false readingof a lower sperm count. It is also important thatthe man does not have sexual intercourse ormasturbate for about two (but up to five) daysbefore the test, as frequent ejaculations could alsolower the sperm count. Too long a period betweenejaculations may also lower the sperm quality.An individual’s semen quality can vary greatlybetween samples, even in fertile men. Sperm countscan be affected by illness. Fevers and infections canMALE INFERTILITY 28
temporarily lower a sperm count for several months.At least two semen analyses are needed to properlycheck fertility. These tests should be done at least sixweeks apart.What does a semen analysis report cover?A number of different items are tested andrecorded in a semen analysis report, including:Semen volume (also known as the ‘volume ofsemen’): The total amount of fluid ejaculated.Men normally produce two to five millilitres (mls)of semen when they ejaculate.Sperm concentration (commonly known as asperm count): the number of sperm in a measuredvolume of the ejaculate is counted. The spermconcentration is reported as the number of spermper millilitre (ml) of semen.Sperm output per ejaculate (also known as thetotal sperm count): This is total number of spermin the ejaculate as is calculated by multiplying thesemen volume by the sperm concentration.Sperm motility (the ability of sperm to swim ormove forward): The number of motile (moving)sperm compared to non-motile sperm is reportedas a percentage of the total number of sperm.Sperm morphology (the sperm’s shape andphysical features): The number of sperm that areimperfectly shaped (often referred to as ‘abnormal’)MALE INFERTILITY 29
Page 1 and 2: MALEINFERTILITYA CHILD OF MY OWNA B
Page 3 and 4: MALE INFERTILITYInfertility - Not j
Page 5 and 6: MALEREPRODUCTIONWhat are sperm?Sper
Page 7 and 8: Before birth, the developing testes
Page 9 and 10: Cross-section of sperm-producing tu
Page 11 and 12: The levels of FSH and LH in the blo
Page 13 and 14: Where can sperm production go wrong
Page 15 and 16: SIGNS &SYMPTOMSWhat is male inferti
Page 17 and 18: CAUSESWhat are the known causes of
Page 19 and 20: Sperm productionproblemsBlockage of
Page 21 and 22: DIAGNOSISHow is male infertility di
Page 23 and 24: Ultrasound may be used if the teste
Page 25 and 26: SpermnumbersLow orzeroLow orzeroLow
Page 27 and 28: Another blood test which can be don
Page 29: What if no cause is found?For most
Page 33 and 34: using methods approved by the World
Page 35 and 36: TREATMENTCan male infertility be tr
Page 37 and 38: Treatable causes of male infertilit
Page 39 and 40: What about assisted reproductive te
Page 41 and 42: not affecting sperm production or t
Page 43 and 44: ecome pregnant avoid exposure to an
Page 45 and 46: HAVINGA FAMILYWhat are the chances
Page 47 and 48: very low sperm counts who previousl
Page 49 and 50: What issues need to be thought abou
Page 51 and 52: Childhood developmentLarge studies
Page 53 and 54: Chances of finding sperm are low fo
Page 55 and 56: Semen collectionFor most types of I
Page 57 and 58: What are the success rates with ART
Page 59 and 60: Adoption of babies and children fro
Page 61 and 62: Most men also feel the need to unde
Page 63 and 64: attention is paid to the infertile
Page 65 and 66: APPENDICESMALE INFERTILITY 63
Page 67 and 68: What are the risks of hormonal trea
Page 69 and 70: Most men with Klinefelter’s syndr
Page 71 and 72: What are other considerations for m
Page 73 and 74: Even when this problem is surgicall
Page 75 and 76: How do sexually transmitted infecti
Page 77 and 78: APPENDICESTORSION OF THE TESTISWhat
Page 79 and 80: APPENDICESHEATHow does temperature
Page 81 and 82:
APPENDICESVARICOCELEWhat is a varic
Page 83 and 84:
APPENDICESSPERM ANTIBODIESWhat are
Page 85 and 86:
What are the risks of medicine trea
Page 87 and 88:
Alternatively, sperm can be collect
Page 89 and 90:
APPENDICESABSENCE OF VAS DEFERENSWh
Page 91 and 92:
APPENDICESERECTION &EJACULATION PRO
Page 93 and 94:
What are the risks with erectiledys
Page 95 and 96:
What are the risks of ejaculation t
Page 97 and 98:
How does chemotherapy affect fertil
Page 99 and 100:
Where can sperm be stored?Sperm is
Page 101 and 102:
Environmental and chemical agents,
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APPENDICESRADIATIONHow does radiati
Page 105 and 106:
SUPPORTThis booklet gives informati
Page 107 and 108:
Websites of relevanceAccessAustrali
Page 109 and 110:
chromosomes Structures in each cell
Page 111 and 112:
oligozoospermia (or oligospermia) A
Page 113 and 114:
spermaturia Spermaturia is the rele
Page 115 and 116:
AUTHORSProfessor Robert McLachlanMM
Page 117 and 118:
Assisted reproductive technologies
Page 119 and 120:
7Halliday, JL, Ukoumunne OC, Baker
Page 121:
Postal address:Andrology AustraliaM
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Male Infertility A child of my own - Andrology Australia

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