Male Infertility A child of my own - Andrology Australia

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APPENDICESGENETIC &CHROMOSOMAL PROBLEMSEach cell in the bodynormally has 46chromosomesWhat are the genetic and chromosomal causesof infertility?Changes to chromosomes and genes can causeabnormal sperm production or blockages to spermflow. Chromosomes are the structures in cells thatpass on genetic information.Genetic and chromosomal disorders that affectfertility include:• Klinefelter’s syndrome• Y Chromosome deletions• Congenital absence of vas deferens (CAVD)• Other genetic problems, such asDown SyndromeIt is likely that other genetic disorders will befound in the future, which can help explain othersperm production problems that currently have noknown cause.What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?Klinefelter’s syndrome is the most commonchromosomal disorder in men. About one in 650men, have an extra X chromosome, so instead ofhaving the normal 46XY chromosomes, there are47XXY or similar abnormalities.MALE INFERTILITY 66
Most men with Klinefelter’s syndrome (about95%) do not produce sperm in their ejaculateand are sterile. However, recent scientific researchsuggests that in up to half of men with Klinefelter’ssyndrome, sperm can develop in small areas of thetestes, which never get into the ejaculate.In many men with Klinefelter’s syndrome, as wellas poor sperm production, testosterone productionby the testis is less than normal. Most men withKlinefelter’s syndrome will need testosteronetreatment at some time in their life.What are Y chromosome deletions?Some men have some genetic material missingfrom their Y chromosome. This has recently beenshown to be the cause of infertility in about one in20 men with low sperm counts (less than 5 millionsperm per millilitre. Tests are now available thatcan pick up these changes on the Y chromosome.What is congenital absence of the vasdeferens (CAVD)?Congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD)is a rare genetic problem that causes infertilityin about one in 2500 men. Many men withCAVD have a mutation (genetic change) in thecystic fibrosis gene (cystic fibrosis transmembraneregulator, CFTR).See the AndrologyAustralia guide onAndrogen Defi ciencyfor more informationMALE INFERTILITY 67
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MALEINFERTILITYA CHILD OF MY OWNA B
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MALE INFERTILITYInfertility - Not j
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MALEREPRODUCTIONWhat are sperm?Sper
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Before birth, the developing testes
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Cross-section of sperm-producing tu
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The levels of FSH and LH in the blo
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Where can sperm production go wrong
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SIGNS &SYMPTOMSWhat is male inferti
Page 17 and 18: CAUSESWhat are the known causes of
Page 19 and 20: Sperm productionproblemsBlockage of
Page 21 and 22: DIAGNOSISHow is male infertility di
Page 23 and 24: Ultrasound may be used if the teste
Page 25 and 26: SpermnumbersLow orzeroLow orzeroLow
Page 27 and 28: Another blood test which can be don
Page 29 and 30: What if no cause is found?For most
Page 31 and 32: temporarily lower a sperm count for
Page 33 and 34: using methods approved by the World
Page 35 and 36: TREATMENTCan male infertility be tr
Page 37 and 38: Treatable causes of male infertilit
Page 39 and 40: What about assisted reproductive te
Page 41 and 42: not affecting sperm production or t
Page 43 and 44: ecome pregnant avoid exposure to an
Page 45 and 46: HAVINGA FAMILYWhat are the chances
Page 47 and 48: very low sperm counts who previousl
Page 49 and 50: What issues need to be thought abou
Page 51 and 52: Childhood developmentLarge studies
Page 53 and 54: Chances of finding sperm are low fo
Page 55 and 56: Semen collectionFor most types of I
Page 57 and 58: What are the success rates with ART
Page 59 and 60: Adoption of babies and children fro
Page 61 and 62: Most men also feel the need to unde
Page 63 and 64: attention is paid to the infertile
Page 65 and 66: APPENDICESMALE INFERTILITY 63
Page 67: What are the risks of hormonal trea
Page 71 and 72: What are other considerations for m
Page 73 and 74: Even when this problem is surgicall
Page 75 and 76: How do sexually transmitted infecti
Page 77 and 78: APPENDICESTORSION OF THE TESTISWhat
Page 79 and 80: APPENDICESHEATHow does temperature
Page 81 and 82: APPENDICESVARICOCELEWhat is a varic
Page 83 and 84: APPENDICESSPERM ANTIBODIESWhat are
Page 85 and 86: What are the risks of medicine trea
Page 87 and 88: Alternatively, sperm can be collect
Page 89 and 90: APPENDICESABSENCE OF VAS DEFERENSWh
Page 91 and 92: APPENDICESERECTION &EJACULATION PRO
Page 93 and 94: What are the risks with erectiledys
Page 95 and 96: What are the risks of ejaculation t
Page 97 and 98: How does chemotherapy affect fertil
Page 99 and 100: Where can sperm be stored?Sperm is
Page 101 and 102: Environmental and chemical agents,
Page 103 and 104: APPENDICESRADIATIONHow does radiati
Page 105 and 106: SUPPORTThis booklet gives informati
Page 107 and 108: Websites of relevanceAccessAustrali
Page 109 and 110: chromosomes Structures in each cell
Page 111 and 112: oligozoospermia (or oligospermia) A
Page 113 and 114: spermaturia Spermaturia is the rele
Page 115 and 116: AUTHORSProfessor Robert McLachlanMM
Page 117 and 118: Assisted reproductive technologies
Page 119 and 120:
7Halliday, JL, Ukoumunne OC, Baker
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Postal address:Andrology AustraliaM
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Male Infertility A child of my own - Andrology Australia

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