LYRICALPOETRYBut it was not in this direction, Coleridge quickly felt,that the effect he was in quest of lay. The artisticsophistication of the simple ballad was to be got neitherby a studied simplesse nor by a studied archaism, but bythe enhancement of the essential qualities of imagination,dramatic poignancy, and a subtler, sweeter music.It is as though Wordsworth took Coleridge out to thefields to gather daisies and buttercups, and lo! theyturned into orchids and exotics at his touch. Thelanguage of no ballad could be simpler, more natural,yet there is all the difference in the world betweenthis language and that of prose or the genuinely popularballad, wherever you take it:It ceased ; yet still the sails made onA pleasant noise till noon,A noise like of a hidden brookIn the leafy month of June,That to the sleeping woods all nightSingeth a quiet tune.The only obvious enrichment of the ballad-measurewhich Coleridge allows himself is this addition of acouplet, which is not uncommon in the older ballads,and yet the music is not that of the old ballads itselfbut something rare and exotic. Coleridge in thisballad is the source of all that the later Pre-Raphaelites,from Keats in La Belle Dame sans Merci and some ofTennyson's earliest lyrics to Rossetti and Morris andSwinburne and Oscar Wilde, were to be ever in questof—the subtle, the exotic. Metrically, and in thesuggestion of the magical, Christabel and Kubla Khanpromised more, perhaps, but they remained fragments.Coleridge's refashioning of the ballad is his great andmiraculous achievement. But except in the metrical38
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURYLYRICmusic of these poems and the one glittering beautifulsong in Zapoyla,A sunny shaft did I behold,From sky to earth it slanted,Coleridge's <strong>poetry</strong> is not essentially <strong>lyrical</strong>. He wasin blank verse and ode a rhapsodiser. Effusion is thename he gives to several of his early pieces, and it is agood description of most of his pieces outside the threegreat things which are dramatic rather than <strong>lyrical</strong>,though indeed Kubla Khan is the most entranced, themost musical of his effusions. He lacked the passion,the intensity of the <strong>lyrical</strong> poet. The best of his personalpoems—Dejection, "Friend of the wise," "TimeReal and I m aginary, Youth and Age—are elegiac effusions,Coleridge's in virtue of their tender, delicate music.IllSCOTT, BYRON, SHELLEY, KEATS, ANDSOME OF THE LESSER ROMANTICSTHE ballad which appealed to Wordsworth as the idealexpression of the simplicity and sincerity to which hewished to bring <strong>poetry</strong> back from "the bracelets, andsnuff-boxes, and adulterous trinkets" of poetic diction;which inspired Coleridge's one great dramaticand imaginatively complete poem; was also the sourceof Scott's poems, and so ultimately of the WaverleyNovels. But it was not quite the same aspect of theballad that "in the summer of 1793 or 1794" quickenedin his mind the long-dormant crektive impulse. Forthere were three things in the ballad that after the39
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