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TABLE 1. Time-line history of crocodilian science at the Bronx Zoo.YearEvent1898 Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator (1898–1942)1898 Bronx Zoo reptile house opens with American Alligators1933 Hatched American Alligator eggs taken from the wild1933 Mixed crocodilian collection exhibited (first time)1944 John Tee-Van, interim Curator (1943–1945)1945 Brayton Eddy, Curator (1945–1950)1951 Dr. James A. Oliver, Curator (1951–1958)1953 Reptile house renovated for the first time1954 Peter Brazaitis, tenure as Keeper/Superintendent (1954–1988)1954 Reptile house reopens with adult American Alligators as central exhibit1957 Mixed collection emerges1958 Herndon G. Dowling, Curator (1958–1967)1960 Four large American Alligators leave reptile house1960 Smooth-fronted Caiman, Paleosuchus trigonatus, unanticipated breeding1962 Reptile house renovated second time1963 Crocodilian sexing technique developed (Brazaitis 1966)1964 First museum quality record keeping system (Dowling and Gilboa 1968)1964 First attempt to breed Chinese Alligators, Alligator sinensis1965 West African Dwarf Crocodile, Osteolaemus tetraspis. unanticipated breeding1966 Endangered Species Act, amended 1969, 1981, 19881966 Crocodilian size and growth documented (Dowling and Brazaitis 1966)1967 Dr. F. Wayne King, Curator (1967–1973)1970 First crocodilian genetics study (Cohen and Gans 1970)1971 Species identification of crocodilian hides and products (King and Brazaitis 1971)1971 IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group founded1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)1973 Comprehensive identification account of living crocodilians (Brazaitis 1973a)1973 Identity of Crocodylus siamensis confirmed (Brazaitis 1973b)1973 John L. Behler, Curator (1973–2006)1974 Second floor renovated to include crocodilian rearing facilities1977 First successful breeding of Chinese Alligator, Alligator sinensis (Behler and Brazaitis 1982)1977 Les Garrick, Crocodilian behavior studies (Garrick and Lang 1977)1979 Crocodilian diets modified; improved 19811979 First Mugger Crocodile, Crocodylus palustris reproduction1980 Yacare Caiman, Caiman yacare, bred (Brazaitis 1986)1980 Captive breeding protocols implemented/breeding calendar1980 Chinese Alligator SSP/studbook initiated to coordinate breeding efforts1980 Siamese Crocodiles, Crocodylus siamensis, bred (Brazaitis and Watanabe 1983)1981 West crocodilian pools retrofitted for multi-species breeding1981 Black light/Vita light protocols initiated (Townsend and Cole 1985)1983 Ultrasound scanning of C. siamensis eggs (Brazaitis and Watanabe 1983)1983 Cuban Crocodile, Crocodylus rhombifer, bred1985 Malayan False Gharial, Tomistoma schlegelii, bred (Brazaitis 1999)1986 AZA Crocodilian Advisory Group founded1988 William Holmstrom, Collection Manager (1988–present)1988 Dwarf Caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus, bred1989 Broad-snouted Caiman, Caiman latirostris, bred2006 Dr. Jennifer Pramuk, Curator (2006–present)136 Herpetological Review 39(2), 2008
1977; Werner 1933). Medem and Marx (1955) provided one ofthe first keys to the living New World species of crocodilians.Comprehensive papers on the species identification of living crocodilians,directed toward live animals and visible physical morphology,appeared in the 1970s (Brazaitis 1971, 1973a, 1973b).What appeared to be lacking were behavioral, natural history,and reproductive data. One of the earliest comprehensive reportson observations and natural history of a crocodilian was made byE. A. McIlhenny of Louisiana in his classic work, The Alligator’sLife History, first published in 1935, and reprinted in 1987.McIlhenny reported shooting and killing one of the largest wildalligators ever recorded, 584 cm in length, on January 2, 1890.Probably the most knowledgeable group of crocodilian expertsof the 1800s and early 1900s was composed of the hide huntersand crocodilian skin dealers who derived their livelihoods andprofits from knowing where and when to find crocodiles. Theyhad to know basic crocodilian behavior and habits if they were toavoid being killed or maimed during the course of their dangerousnightly work of hunting crocodiles. Some crocodile entrepreneursput their knowledge to use to short-circuit the problem of havingto spend numerous uncomfortable nights in mosquito-infestedswamps to capture only a handful of crocodiles, or none, by startingcrocodile farms in the hope of breeding the animals and increasingmanyfold the number of skins they could have availableto sell. Rather than sharing their knowledge, much of what theyknew about crocodilian reproduction and behavior was kept secret,lest a competitor out-produce them.Collections of living crocodilians were generally confined toconsiderably less than natural circumstances of captivity in privateroadside attractions, circuses, and zoos, and they were managedby entertainment entrepreneurs. The Saint Augustine AlligatorFarm, St. Augustine, Florida, opened to the public in May,1893, is the oldest major exhibitor of crocodilians in the UnitedStates. The name is a misnomer as it was never a “farm” for breedingand producing alligators. The Alligator Farm, as it is still locallyreferred to, is now a registered national historical site andexhibits all of the 23 generally accepted species of crocodiliansunder natural conditions. The Alligator Farm is considered a worldcenter for crocodilian study, reproductive biology, and conservation,and serves as an important repository and bank for crocodiliansthat are potentially part of captive endangered species breedingprograms.Zoos probably contributed least to the then-known lexicon ofcrocodilian knowledge. Space was limited and better devoted tolarge mammals and colorful birds that were more in the public orzoo director’s interest. In the 1800s, exotic birds already enjoyeda great scientific following, augmented by a global cadre of seriouscollectors and breeders of live birds, who produced a wealthof scientific and popular writings. We knew a lot about birds andmammals, including that crocodiles were prone to eat some of ourfavorite species. Reptiles, including crocodilians, were usuallyreviled by the average zoo visitor, who wished only to see themFIG. 1. Original floor plan of the reptile house. The alligator pools are major exhibits at the left, at the west end of the building. They are referred toas “The West Pools.”Herpetological Review 39(2), 2008 137
Page 1 and 2: HerpetologicalReviewVolume 39, Numb
Page 3 and 4: About Our Cover: Zonosaurus maramai
Page 5 and 6: Prey-specific Predatory Behavior in
Page 7 and 8: acid water treatment than in the co
Page 12 and 13: The Reptile House at the Bronx Zoo
Page 14 and 15: FIG. 6. A 3.9 m (12' 11 1 / 2") Ame
Page 16 and 17: One of the earliest studies of croc
Page 18 and 19: TABLE 2. Dimensions and water depth
Page 20 and 21: we call it, is in flux.Forty years
Page 22 and 23: Feb. 20-25. abstract.------. 1979.
Page 24 and 25: yond current practices (Clarke 1972
Page 26 and 27: poles (Pond 1 > 10,000, Pond 2 4,87
Page 28 and 29: ------, R. MATHEWS, AND R. KINGSING
Page 30 and 31: Herpetological Review, 2008, 39(2),
Page 32 and 33: TABLE 2. Summary of running (includ
Page 34 and 35: FIG. 2. Responses of adult Regal Ho
Page 36 and 37: PIANKA, E. R., AND W. S. PARKER. 19
Page 38 and 39: BUSTAMANTE, M. R. 2005. La cecilia
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 3. Mean clutch size (number of
Page 42 and 43: facilitated work in Thailand. I tha
Page 44 and 45: preocular are not fused. The specim
Page 46 and 47: FIG. 2A) Side view photo of Aechmea
Page 48 and 49: 364.DUELLMAN, W. E. 1978. The biolo
Page 50 and 51: incision, and placed one drop of Ba
Page 52 and 53: 13 cm deep (e.g., Spea hammondii; M
Page 54 and 55: FIG. 1. Medicine dropper (60 ml) wi
Page 56 and 57: esearchers and Hellbenders, especia
Page 58 and 59: FIG. 3. Relative success of traps p
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data on Hellbender population struc
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aits sometimes resulted in differen
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trapping system seems to be a relat
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AMPHIBIAN CHYTRIDIOMYCOSISGEOGRAPHI
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TABLE 1. Prevalence of B. dendrobat
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Conservation Status of United State
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TABLE 1. Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica)
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TABLE 1. Anurans that tested positi
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is, on average, exposed to slightly
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(10%) were dead but not obviously m
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Submitted by CHRIS T. McALLISTER, D
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FIG. 1. Oscillogram, spectrogram, a
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FIG. 1. Adult Physalaemus cuvieri r
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Répteis, Instituto Nacional de Pes
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discovered 145 live hatchlings and
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GRAPTEMYS GIBBONSI (Pascagoula Map
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College, and the Joseph Moore Museu
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FIG. 1. Common Ground Lizard (Ameiv
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havior unavailable elsewhere. Here
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15% of predator mass, is typical fo
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side the third burrow and began a f
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We thank Arlington James and the st
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mm) S. viridicornis in its mouth in
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NECTURUS MACULOSUS (Common Mudpuppy
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LITHOBATES CATESBEIANUS (American B
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Research and Collections Center, 13
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BRONCHOCELA VIETNAMENSIS (Vietnam L
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Oficina Regional Guaymas, Guaymas,
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MICRURUS TENER (Texas Coralsnake).
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declining in this recently discover
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80.7372°W). 02 November 2005. Stev
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this effort, 7% of the 10 × 10 km
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the knowledge of the group. The aut
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which is listed under “Rhodin, A.
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noting that Sphenomorphus bignelli
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256 Herpetological Review 39(2), 20
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ISSN 0018-084XThe Official News-Jou
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