Herpetological Review Herpetological Review - Doczine

More documents

Recommendations

Info

facilitated work in Thailand. I thank J. Avina, P. Bowles, R. Businello, K.Hesed, D. McLeod, J. Ocock, J. Rice, P. Valcarcel, and the staff at SERSfor their assistance in the field. This research was carried out under NationalResearch Council of Thailand Permit number 0004.3/0191 to J. A.Sheridan. R. F. Inger, Dede Olson, H. K. Voris, D. S. Woodruff, and ananonymous reviewer provided helpful comments on the manuscript. K.Ronnenberg assisted in producing the figures. This work was supportedby a graduate fellowship from the Biological Sciences program at UCSDand a Gaige Award from ASIH.LITERATURE CITEDALCALA, A. C. 1962 Breeding behavior and early development of frogs ofNegros, Philippine Islands. Copeia 1962:679–726.––––––, AND W. C. BROWN. 1956. Early life history of two Philippinefrogs with notes on deposition of eggs. Herpetologica 12:241–246.ASHTON, K. G. 2002. Do amphibians follow Bergmann’s rule? Can. J.Zool. 80:708–716.BERRY, P. Y. 1964. The breeding patterns of seven species of SingaporeAnura. J. Anim. Ecol. 33:227–243.BERVEN, K. A. 1982. The genetic basis of altitudinal variation in the woodfrog Rana sylvatica I. An experimental analysis of life history traits.Evolution 36:962–983.BURY, R. B., AND M. J. ADAMS. 1999. Variation in age at metamorphosisacross a latitudinal gradient for the tailed frog, Ascaphus truei.Herpetologica 55:283–291.CHRISTENSEN-DALSGAARD, J., T. A. LUDWIG, AND P. M. NARINS. 2002. Calldiversity in an Old World treefrog: Level dependence and latency ofacoustic responses. Bioacoustics 13:21–35.FENG, A. S., AND P. M. NARINS. 1991. Unusual mating behavior of Malaysianyreefrogs Polypedates leucomystax. Naturwissenschaften 78:362–365.GARCIA-RUTLEDGE, E. J., AND P. M. NARINS. 2001. Shared acoustic resourcesin an Old World frog community. Herpetologica 57:104–116.GOSNER, K. L. 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos andlarvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.HEYER, W. R. 1973. Ecological interactions of frog larvae at a seasonaltropical location in Thailand. J. Herpetol. 7:337–361.INGER, R. F., AND R. B. STEUBING. 1997. A Field Guide to the Frogs ofBorneo, pp. 173–174. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu.ISKANDAR, D. T., AND E. COLIJN. 2000. Preliminary checklist of SoutheastAsian and New Guinean herpetofauna: I. Amphibians. Treubia 34:1–134.KAPLAN, R. H. 1980. The implicaitons of ovum size variability for offspringfitness and clutch size within several populations of salamanders(Ambystoma). Evolution 34:51–64.LAMPERT, K. P., AND K. E. LINSENMAIR. 2002. Alternative life cycle strategiesin the West African reed frog Hyperolius nitidulus: The answer toan unpredictable environment? Oecologia 130:364–372.LIPS, K. R. 2001. Reproductive trade-offs and bet-hedging in Hyla calypsa,a Neotropical treefrog. Oecologia 128:509–518.LYNAM, A. R., P. D. ROUND, AND W. Y. BROCKLEMAN. 2006. Status of birdsand large mammals in Thailand’s Dong Phayayen - Khao Yai forestcomplex. BRT program and Wildlife Conservation Society, Bangkok.MALKMUS, R., U. MANTHEY, G. VOGEL, P. HOFFMAN, AND J. KOSUCH. 2002.Amphibians and Reptiles of Mount Kinabalu (North Borneo), pp. 194–195. Verlag, Munich.MARQUEZ, R., AND X. R. EEKHOUT. 2006. Advertisement calls of six speciesof anurans from Bali, Republic of Indonesia. J. Nat. Hist. 40:571–588.MATSUI, M., T. SETO, AND T. UTSUNOMIYA. 1986. Acoustic and karyotypicevidence for specific separation of Polypedates megacephalus fromPolypedates leucomystax. J. Herpetol. 20:483–489.MEEKS, D. E., AND J. W. NAGEL. 1973. Reproduction and development ofthe wood frog Rana sylvatica in eastern Tennessee. Herpetologica29:188–191.NARINS, P. M., A. S. FENG, H. S. YONG, AND J. CHRISTENSEN-DALSGAARD.1998. Morphological, behavioral, and genetic divergence of sympatricmorphotypes of the treefrog Polypedates leucomystax in peninsularMalaysia. Herpetologica 54:129–142.RIHA, V. F., AND K. A. BERVEN. 1991. An analysis of latitudinal variationin the larval development of the wood frog Rana sylvatica. Copeia1991:209–221.SANCHEZ-HERRIAZ, M. J., R. MARQUEZ, L. J. BARBADILLO, AND J. BOSCH.1995. Mating calls of 3 species of anurans from Borneo. Herpetol. J.5:293–297.SHERIDAN, J. A. 2008. Variation in Southeast Asian Anurans. Ph.D. dissertation.University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.SPIELER, M., AND K. E. LINSENMAIR. 1997. Choice of optimal ovipositionsites by Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Anura: Ranidae) in an unpredictableand patchy environment. Oecologia (Berlin) 109:184–199.TAYLOR, E. H. 1921. Amphibians and Turtles of the Philippine Islands.Philippine Bureau of Science, publication no. 15, Manila.TREPANIER, T. L., A. LATHROP, AND R. W. MURPHY. 1999. Rhacophorusleucomystax in Vietnam with acoustic analyses of courtship and territorialcalls. Asiatic Herpetol. Res. 8:102–106.VILLADOLID, D. V., AND N. DEL ROSARIO. 1930. Studies on the developmentand feeding habits of Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst), with aconsideration of the ecology of the more common frogs of Los Banosand vicinity. Philippine Agriculturist 18:475–503.WILLIAMSON, I., AND C. M. BULL. 1995. Life-history variation in a populationof the Australian frog Ranidella signifera: Seasonal changes inclutch parameters. Copeia 1995:105–113.YORKE, C. D. 1983. Survival of embryos and larvae of the frog Polypedatesleucomystax in Malaysia. J. Herpetol. 17:235–241.ZELLER, C. 1960. Das periodische Eierlegen das KletterfroschesRhacophorus leucomystax (Kuhl). Revue Suisse Zool. 67:303–308.APPENDIX IDetailed Description of Study AreasDry dipterocarp forest.—This area consisted of 20 cement cisterns located1–5 m from the main road in the deciduous dipterocarp forest atSakaerat. These cisterns are round, 0.75 m in diameter, 0.32 m deep, andheld water at depths of 0.1–0.3 m during the study period. This area occursbetween km 1 and km 2.7 of the station road, with km 0 located atthe junction of Highway 304 and the station road (Fig. 1).Dry evergreen forest.—This area consisted of 34 cement cisterns, 0.75m in diameter, in the evergreen forest at Sakaerat. Water depths were notless than 0.25 m. Cisterns were 1–5 m from the main road, except for twocisterns located 10 and 20 m from the road. The evergreen forest extendswest from km 3 along the station road (Fig. 1).Tam Jong An (Cobra Cave Pond) .—This area comprised 70 m of anephemeral stream that runs parallel to the main road through Sakaerat,about 700 m to the north of the main road in the evergreen forest. Thewestern end of the area was a semi-permanent pool of water at the base ofa 3 m waterfall. As the two years prior to the study year were drier thannormal, rainfall was quickly absorbed by the ground, the stream was notflowing during the study period, and the pool shrank from 4 x 20 m, to3.5 x 12 m. Water in the remaining 65 m of stream bed was restricted tosmall ephemeral pools in rock crevices. The stream was bounded on thenorth and south by steep banks about 6 m apart. Note that the first datethis area was sampled was 9 May 2005.Dam Pond.—This area was an ephemeral pond covering approximately75 m 2 created by a 5 m dam located approximately 100 m north of themain road near the km 5 marker (distance measured from Highway 304along the main road through Sakaerat) in evergreen forest. The bottom ofthe pond was covered with herbaceous vegetation during this study periodand contained standing water on only 2 survey nights. No eggs were168 Herpetological Review 39(2), 2008
ever found on this transect, but amplectant pairs were found twice. Thisis not the same area as the “dam stream pond” referred to in Heyer (1973).Tai Yee Pun (Thai Japanese ReAfforestation Project) .—This area wasseparated from those detailed above by ca. 7 km, and was a cleared areaused as a plant nursery, ca. 120 m on a side. There were 20 cement cisterns0.8 m in diameter along the road, and four 15 x 25 m nurseriescovered by shade cloth. Two nurseries contained 6 rectangular 0.8 x 2 mcisterns 1m deep, with variable volumes of water. Depth of water in thesecisterns varied between 0.1–1 m. A third nursery had four of these cisternsand the fourth nursery had four standard 0.75 m round cisterns.Note that the first day this area was sampled was 25 May 2005.Herpetological Review, 2008, 39(2), 169–170.© 2008 by Society for the Study of Amphibians and ReptilesHigh Densities of a “Rare” SkinkHAROLD HEATWOLEDepartment of Zoology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USAe-mail: harold_heatwole@ncsu.eduandBRYAN L. STUARTThe Field Museum, Department of Zoology1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, USAandMuseum of Vertebrate Zoology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Bldg.University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3160, USA:“Rarity” and “commonness” is more of a perception than a realityfor some species. If one were to conduct a visual sampling ofa cryptically colored species and compare it with that of a moreconspicuous, non-camouflaged species of the same general size,the results might be very different, even if both species had thesame absolute population density. In the same way, quiescent sitand-waitpredators may be more easily overlooked than similarlycolored species of the same size that actively forage and attractattention because of their movement. Thisproperty of human visual perception canlead to erroneous assessments of densities,assemblage structure, and community dynamicsby underestimating the relativeimportance of cryptic or secretive componentsof the fauna. General hand-collectingis especially prone to this source oferror. Some other methods, such as pitfalltraps that discount human visual acuity anddiscrimination, are more accurate by notbeing influenced by visual properties, butare biased in favor of selectively capturingthe more active species and underestimatingsecretive ones. Even plot samplingcan be highly inaccurate and numbers underestimatedif the plots are small or unfencedand unless special measures aretaken to prevent escapes or immigration(Heatwole 2008). Heatwole and Sexton(1966) devised a method of fenced plots,subsequently refined by Rodda et al.(2001a) and Heatwole (2008), that improves on other plot methodsby completely censusing animals of all ages, including eggs,i.e., all individuals are found.The present paper reports on a census of a small, Southeast Asian,forest-floor skink, Sphenomorphus tridigitus (Bourret 1939), usingthis method of fenced plots. This “rare” species was previouslyknown from only four specimens. It was originally describedon the basis of a single specimen in a poor state of preservationfound dead on a road at Bach Ma, Thua Thien-Hue Province, Vietnam(Bourret 1939). Greer et al. (2006) redescribed the speciesfrom a second specimen found “at day, hidden inside a log lyingon grass near a small creek in an open forest” at 1200–1250 melevation on the Bolaven Plateau (=“Boloven Highlands”) inChampasak Province, Laos. Bain et al. (2007) reported on twoadditional specimens that were collected in pitfall traps, one at940 m elevation and one at 1470 m elevation, on Mt. Ngoc Linh,Tra Don Commune, Tra My District, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam.The present study took place at three sites (15°02'48"N106°10'45"E, 400 m elev.; 15°04'37"N 106°08'15"E, 1000 m elev.;15°03'55"N 106°13'03"E, 1200 m elev.) on the Bolaven Plateauin the Dong Hua Sao National Protected Area (formerly NationalBiodiversity Conservation Area), Pakxong District, ChampasakProvince, Laos during 10–25 September 1999. Eight plots, each10 m x 10 m, were fenced by mosquito netting 1 m high with thebottom edge buried in a trench, and then the low vegetation, litterand wood removed down to mineral soil by Heatwole’s (2008)method. Specimens of S. tridigtus collected in the study were depositedat The Field Museum (FMNH 258772–98, 258824–40,258843–63, 258914–18, 258929–38). These specimens fully agreewith the detailed redescription of the species by Greer et al. (2006),including discrepancies from the type. Like the specimens of Greeret al. (2006) and Bain et al. (2007), ours have a frontonasal scalewith two separated prefrontals and the nasal and first supralabialare fused (erroneously called the “first infralabial” by Greer et al.[2006] and repeated by Bain et al. [2007]), and the loreal and theTABLE 1. Abundance of Sphenomorphus tridigitus in the forest floor of Wet Evergreen Forest,Bolaven Plateau, Laos, September 1999.Elevation/ Number of Number of Density (no./m 2 ) of Density (no./m 2 )Plot No. individuals eggs individuals of eggs400 mPlot 3 0 0 0 0Plot 4 0 0 0 01000 mPlot 1 19 6 0.19 0.06Plot 2 19 5 0.19 0.05Mean: 1000 m 19 5.5 0.19 0.0551200 mPlot 5 18 0 0.18 0Plot 6 14 2 0.14 0.02Plot 7 2 2 0.02 0.02Plot 8 1 0 0.01 0Mean: 1200 m 8.8 1 0.09 0.01Herpetological Review 39(2), 2008 169
Page 1 and 2: HerpetologicalReviewVolume 39, Numb
Page 3 and 4: About Our Cover: Zonosaurus maramai
Page 5 and 6: Prey-specific Predatory Behavior in
Page 7 and 8: acid water treatment than in the co
Page 10 and 11: TABLE 1. Time-line history of croco
Page 12 and 13: The Reptile House at the Bronx Zoo
Page 14 and 15: FIG. 6. A 3.9 m (12' 11 1 / 2") Ame
Page 16 and 17: One of the earliest studies of croc
Page 18 and 19: TABLE 2. Dimensions and water depth
Page 20 and 21: we call it, is in flux.Forty years
Page 22 and 23: Feb. 20-25. abstract.------. 1979.
Page 24 and 25: yond current practices (Clarke 1972
Page 26 and 27: poles (Pond 1 > 10,000, Pond 2 4,87
Page 28 and 29: ------, R. MATHEWS, AND R. KINGSING
Page 30 and 31: Herpetological Review, 2008, 39(2),
Page 32 and 33: TABLE 2. Summary of running (includ
Page 34 and 35: FIG. 2. Responses of adult Regal Ho
Page 36 and 37: PIANKA, E. R., AND W. S. PARKER. 19
Page 38 and 39: BUSTAMANTE, M. R. 2005. La cecilia
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 3. Mean clutch size (number of
Page 44 and 45: preocular are not fused. The specim
Page 46 and 47: FIG. 2A) Side view photo of Aechmea
Page 48 and 49: 364.DUELLMAN, W. E. 1978. The biolo
Page 50 and 51: incision, and placed one drop of Ba
Page 52 and 53: 13 cm deep (e.g., Spea hammondii; M
Page 54 and 55: FIG. 1. Medicine dropper (60 ml) wi
Page 56 and 57: esearchers and Hellbenders, especia
Page 58 and 59: FIG. 3. Relative success of traps p
Page 60 and 61: data on Hellbender population struc
Page 62 and 63: aits sometimes resulted in differen
Page 64 and 65: trapping system seems to be a relat
Page 66 and 67: AMPHIBIAN CHYTRIDIOMYCOSISGEOGRAPHI
Page 68 and 69: TABLE 1. Prevalence of B. dendrobat
Page 70 and 71: Conservation Status of United State
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 1. Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica)
Page 74 and 75: TABLE 1. Anurans that tested positi
Page 76 and 77: is, on average, exposed to slightly
Page 78 and 79: (10%) were dead but not obviously m
Page 80 and 81: Submitted by CHRIS T. McALLISTER, D
Page 82 and 83: FIG. 1. Oscillogram, spectrogram, a
Page 84 and 85: FIG. 1. Adult Physalaemus cuvieri r
Page 86 and 87: Répteis, Instituto Nacional de Pes
Page 88 and 89: discovered 145 live hatchlings and
Page 90 and 91: GRAPTEMYS GIBBONSI (Pascagoula Map
Page 92 and 93:
College, and the Joseph Moore Museu
Page 94 and 95:
FIG. 1. Common Ground Lizard (Ameiv
Page 96 and 97:
havior unavailable elsewhere. Here
Page 98 and 99:
15% of predator mass, is typical fo
Page 100 and 101:
side the third burrow and began a f
Page 102 and 103:
We thank Arlington James and the st
Page 104 and 105:
mm) S. viridicornis in its mouth in
Page 106 and 107:
NECTURUS MACULOSUS (Common Mudpuppy
Page 108 and 109:
LITHOBATES CATESBEIANUS (American B
Page 110 and 111:
Research and Collections Center, 13
Page 112 and 113:
BRONCHOCELA VIETNAMENSIS (Vietnam L
Page 114 and 115:
Oficina Regional Guaymas, Guaymas,
Page 116 and 117:
MICRURUS TENER (Texas Coralsnake).
Page 118 and 119:
declining in this recently discover
Page 120 and 121:
80.7372°W). 02 November 2005. Stev
Page 122 and 123:
this effort, 7% of the 10 × 10 km
Page 124 and 125:
the knowledge of the group. The aut
Page 126 and 127:
which is listed under “Rhodin, A.
Page 128 and 129:
noting that Sphenomorphus bignelli
Page 130 and 131:
256 Herpetological Review 39(2), 20
Page 132:
ISSN 0018-084XThe Official News-Jou
show all

Herpetological Review Herpetological Review - Doczine

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?