discovered 145 live hatchlings and 36 eggs that were undevelopedor in different stages of decay. Whether the lizards werewaiting for the hatchlings to emerge or digging them from thesand is unknown.To our knowledge, this is the first reported observation of aneotropical lizard preying on hatchling sea turtles. Species ofAmeiva are among the largest terrestrial carnivorous lizards in theLesser Antilles and A. fuscata can reach mean densities of 379individuals/ha on Dominica (Bullock and Evans 1990. J. Zool.Lond. 222:421–443). The consequences of high population densitiesand active foraging behavior of A. fuscata may have significanteffects on hatchling sea turtle survival on Dominica and warrantsfurther study wherever coastal populations of Ameiva aresympatric with nesting sea turtles.We thank Alan Bolten and Karen Bjorndal for confirming theidentification of the sea turtle hatchings and for providing commentson this note. This observation was made while conductingIguana delicatissima research on Dominica, funded through thecenter for Conservation and Research for Endangered Species(CRES) at the Zoological Society of San Diego.Submitted by CHARLES R. KNAPP, Conservation and Researchfor Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego,15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, California 92027,USA (e-mail: cknapp@ufl.edu); and LYNDON PRINCE,Salisbury Village, Commonwealth of Dominica, West Indies.GOPHERUS AGASSIZII (Desert Tortoise). PREDATION. Predationevents on Gopherus agassizii are rarely observed and documented.Thus, most predators of the Desert Tortoise have beeninferred by the presence of tortoise parts in scats, pellets, and/orcarcasses deposited at nests or denning sites. Boarman (2002. InBoarman and Beaman [eds.], The Sensitive Plant and Animal Speciesof the Western Mojave Desert. U.S. Geological Survey, WesternEcological Research Center, Sacramento, California) recordsseveral native predators that are known to prey on Desert Tortoiseeggs, hatchlings, juveniles, and adults, including Coyotes (Canislatrans), Kit Foxes (Vulpes macrotis), Badgers (Taxidea taxus),Skunks (Spilogale putorius), Common Ravens (Corvus corax),Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), and Gila Monsters (Helodermasuspectum).During a four year study (2003–2006) of Desert Tortoises at asite ca. 40 km NE of Barstow, California, in San Bernardino Co.(Walde et al. 2007. Southwest. Nat. 52:147–149; Walde et al. 2007.West. N. Am. Nat. 67:147–149), we observed many BurrowingOwls (Athene cunicularia). Examination of owl pellets that areejected close to burrows and perches revealed that they often containinsect remains (Lepidoptera and Coleoptera), and less frequentlyremains of small rodents. On 10 May 2006, a BurrowingOwl pellet was found close to a perch that had several parts of abeetle, Cerenopus concolor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in it, aspecies which frequently comprised 100% of pellets. This particularpellet, however, also contained vertebral and marginal scutematerial and bones of the Desert Tortoise. One vertebral scute wasentirely intact and had growth annuli suggesting that the DesertTortoise was at least one year old. The disarticulated pellet wasdeposited in the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County,Los Angeles, California (LACM 168081). To our knowledge, thisis the first documentation of predation by A. cunicularia on theDesert Tortoise.We thank Rolf Aalbu for identification of the Tenebrionidae inthe owl pellet and Rick Feeney of the Natural History Museum ofLos Angeles County for his assistance with the specimen.Submitted by ANDREW D. WALDE, ITS Corporation, 7686SVL Box, Victorville, California 92395, USA (e-mail:awalde@hotmail.com); ANGELA M. WALDE, Walde Research& Environmental Consulting, 12127 Mall Blvd., Suite A156,Victorville, California 92392, USA; and DAVID K. DELANEY,USACERL, P.O. Box 9005, Champaign, Illinois 61826, USA.GOPHERUS POLYPHEMUS (Gopher Tortoise). RECORDSIZE. To our knowledge, the largest Gopherus polyphemus reportedto date had a straight-line carapace length of 38.7 cm(Timmerman and Roberts 1994. Herpetol. Rev. 25:64). Here wereport a specimen that exceeds this size. In March 2007, one of us(AE) received for rehabilitation a large, injured Gopher Tortoise.The cause of injury was unknown, but its wounds, which provedfatal, were consistent with damage from a backhoe shovel. Thetortoise originated from Lee County, Florida, west of InterstateHighway 75, within the city limits of Fort Myers. The exact pointof collection was withheld, due to the potentially illegal actionwhich led to the discovery and death of this tortoise. Ultrasoundevaluation (by O. Diaz, DVM, of Orlando, Florida) revealed testes,showing the tortoise to be male. However, the posterior plastronhas an unpronounced indentation, and the anal scute is single,flat, extends toward the tail, and is not divided or curved as isnormal in male G. polyphemus. Post mortem weight was 12.2 kg.The straight-line carapace length was 41.6 cm, and the plastronlength was 40.6 cm. The specimen is preserved in the ChelonianResearch Institute collection (PCHP 12633).Submitted by RAY E. ASHTON, JR., Ashton BiodiversityResearch and Preservation Institute, Inc., 14260-331 W. NewberryRd., Newberry, Florida 32669, USA (e-mail: Tortfarm2@aol.com);and AMANDA EBENHACK, 2005 NW 392 nd St., Okeechobee,Florida 34972, USA.GRAPTEMYS FLAVIMACULATA (Yellow-blotched MapTurtle). INTERSPECIFIC BASKING SITE COMPETITION.Graptemys flavimaculata is a highly aquatic, riverine turtle endemicto the Pascagoula River and its tributaries of southern Mississippi,USA (Ernst et al. 1994. Turtles of the United States andCanada. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C. 578 pp.).It is common to see multiple turtles of different species occupyingthe same snag within the Pascagoula River system, but there havebeen no reports concerning interspecific competition among turtlesfor basking locations in this area. Here we report observations ofinterspecific aggression and competitor avoidance behavior by G.flavimaculata when trying to secure a desired basking location.On 17 April 2007 (1410 h), on the Leaf River (Forrest County,Mississippi), WS observed from a distance of 30 m a small G.flavimaculata female basking partly submerged on a low-angledtree crown snag, while a slightly smaller Apalone mutica was baskingdirectly above her. The female G. flavimaculata extended her214 <strong>Herpetological</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 39(2), 2008
forelimb and pushed the A. mutica off of the basking snag, thenclimbed to the location that the A. mutica had vacated. Shortlythereafter (ca. 30–45 sec), presumably the same A. mutica reemergedon the same snag below the G. flavimaculata. Soon afterthe A. mutica emerged, a second small G. flavimaculata female,similar in size to the first, emerged from the bank side of the snag.While she was climbing onto the snag, she placed her right forelimbon the carapace of the A. mutica, apparently prompting it tomove to another emergence point on the same snag (ca. 0.5 maway). After several minutes, the second G. flavimaculata vacatedthe log and then quickly reemerged and oriented itself behind thefirst G. flavimaculata.Also on 17 April 2007 (1530 h), an alternative strategy, avoidanceof a much larger interspecific, was observed by several G.flavimaculata. Upon approaching a 1.5 m long horizontal branchsizedsnag, several emydid turtles were observed by WS vacatingtheir basking locations before they could be identified. The snagwas watched (via spotting scope) from a distance to see if theturtles would reemerge. Within minutes, a large female G.flavimaculata (>15 cm CL) emerged from the lowest angle of thesnag/water interface and climbed approximately 15 cm up the snag.A large Pseudemys concinna (>20 cm CL) emerged behind the G.flavimaculata female and occupied the lowest emerged portion ofthe snag. After the emergence and ‘roadblock’ of the snag by theP. concinna, several more G. flavimaculata were observed swimmingaround the snag (heads emerged from the water). A secondlarge G. flavimaculata female climbed vertically up the channelside of the snag to a basking location about 0.75 m away from thefirst G. flavimaculata female. A third G. flavimaculata femaleexhibited the same vertical climbing behavior, except approachingfrom the bank side of the snag and choosing a position betweenthe first and second G. flavimaculata. It appeared that thesecond and third G. flavimaculata females used this technique,climbing a steeper, vertical angle, to get to a desired basking locationwhile avoiding encounters with the previous two occupantsof the snag.In the first observation, aggression appeared to be advantageousfor the larger G. flavimaculata females in order to obtain a favorablebasking location. However, in the second observation, thetwo female G. flavimaculata ‘climbers’ were smaller than the P.concinna, and therefore, may not have had the option of usingaggression to advance themselves to a favorable basking locality.These observations are supported by previous research that examinedaggressive interactions among four emydids: Trachemysscripta, Pseudemys concinna, Graptemys pseudogeographica, andGraptemys oauchitensis (Lindeman 1999. J. Herpetol. 33:214–219). Lindeman noted that aggressive interactions were “won”70% of the time by larger turtles, which is consistent with ourobservations and interpretations of G. flavimaculata behavior.Submitted by WILL SELMAN and CARL QUALLS, Departmentof Biological Sciences, Box 5018, University of SouthernMississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39401, USA (e-mail:will.selman@usm.edu).GRAPTEMYS FLAVIMACULATA (Yellow-blotched MapTurtle). FORAGING BEHAVIOR. The Graptemys flavimaculatais a freshwater aquatic turtle that is endemic to the PascagoulaRiver system of southern Mississippi, USA (Ernst et al. 1994.Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian InstitutePress, Washington, D.C. 578 pp.). R. J. Brauman and R. A. Seigel(unpubl. report) suggest that the primary food items of G.flavimaculata are insects, sponges, mollusks, and algae. They concludedthat the presence of algae was due to secondary ingestion,rather than being a primary food item. However, very little is knownabout the foraging behavior of this species. Here we report twoseparate observations of female G. flavimaculata foraging on algae-coveredsubmerged logs.On 2 June 2006 (1650 h), a female G. flavimaculata was observed(by WS) ca. 0.3 m deep in a swift-flowing riffle section ofthe Leaf River (Forrest County, Mississippi) foraging on an algaecoveredlog. The female was grasping the downstream side of thelog with her forelimbs as she appeared to “graze” on the periphyton.After brief observation, the female was captured with a dipnet for marking and measurement (16.7 cm straight-line carapacelength, 740 g); she had some filamentous algae in her mouth at thetime of capture.The second observation (also by WS) occurred on 30 August2006 in the Lower Pascagoula River (Jackson County, Mississippi)at 1340 h. An adult female G. flavimaculata was observed from2–2.5 m away (the presence of the boat did not appear to affecther behavior) “grazing” on the periphyton of a submerged log, inthe same manner as noted before on the Leaf River. Her forelimbswere gripping the log as she foraged on the bank side. While feeding,she would quickly protrude her head, bite, and pull with herjaws, sometimes doing a “pushup” motion with her forelimbs toassist in tearing the algae off the submerged log. Feeding appearedat random without a side-to-side or a top-to-bottom order. Thisforaging behavior occurred in water ca. 20–80 cm deep and continuedas the turtle moved ca. 1.5 m along the log, sometimesholding onto the log with all four legs. After continuously feedingfor ca. 15 minutes, the turtle surfaced (apparently for air), noticedits observer and quickly swam away. Inspection of the log showedlittle evidence of aquatic insects, but it was covered by a verythick layer of short growth filamentous algae. Also, while watchingthe adult female, a juvenile female G. flavimaculata was alsoseen foraging in a similar manner for the first 3–5 minutes of theobservation.During both of these observations it could not be ascertained ifthe turtles were feeding directly on algae or on macroinvertebrateswithin the algae. Lahanas (1982. Unpubl. M.Sc. thesis, AuburnUniversity) found that the diet of a closely related species, G.nigrinoda, had 28% and 41% average volume plant material forfemales and males, respectively. Similar behavior hás been notedin G. oculifera, another closely related species (R. L. Jones, pers.comm.). Thus, based on the above observations, it is plausiblethat G. flavimaculata is omnivorous and supplements its diet withplant material. More study is needed to determine if this speciesconsumes algae as a primary component of the diet, or if algae issecondarily ingested during foraging for macroinvertebrates.Submitted by WILL SELMAN and CARL QUALLS, Departmentof Biological Sciences, Box 5018, University of SouthernMississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39401, USA (e-mail:will.selman@usm.edu).<strong>Herpetological</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 39(2), 2008 215
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HerpetologicalReviewVolume 39, Numb
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About Our Cover: Zonosaurus maramai
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Prey-specific Predatory Behavior in
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acid water treatment than in the co
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TABLE 1. Time-line history of croco
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The Reptile House at the Bronx Zoo
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FIG. 6. A 3.9 m (12' 11 1 / 2") Ame
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One of the earliest studies of croc
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TABLE 2. Dimensions and water depth
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we call it, is in flux.Forty years
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Feb. 20-25. abstract.------. 1979.
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yond current practices (Clarke 1972
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poles (Pond 1 > 10,000, Pond 2 4,87
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TABLE 2. Summary of running (includ
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FIG. 2. Responses of adult Regal Ho
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PIANKA, E. R., AND W. S. PARKER. 19
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