is, on average, exposed to slightly hotter conditions than are O.pumilio populations on Bastimentos Island (C. L. Richards, pers.comm.). In addition, the average temperature and precipitation onBastimentos Island (Hijmans et al. 2005; Table 1) is within therange of values for a number of infected sites in Central America(Ron 2005). It is therefore predicted that if Bd was introduced tothese populations that it would be able to survive.Identification of areas where Bd is absent is crucial for determiningthe physiological limits of the pathogen and for establishingareas of priority for conservation. Further research on the distributionof Bd will provide necessary information for predictingthe patterns of spread, potentially assisting managers in preventingoutbreaks of the disease.Acknowledgments.—We thank the staff at the Smithsonian TropicalResearch Institute (STRI) for their help with logistics and obtaining permitsas well as Deanna Olson and Eli Greenbaum for providing usefulcomments that helped improve the manuscript. In conducting this research,we have complied with all applicable institutional Animal Care guidelinesand obtained all required permits. This research was funded in partby a STRI Short Term Fellowship to CLR.LITERATURE CITEDBERGER, L., R. SPEARE, P. DASZAK, D. E. GREEN, A. A. CUNNINGHAM, C. L.GOGGIN, R. SLOCOMBE, M. A. RAGAN, A. D. HYATT, K. R. MCDONALD, H.B. HINES, K. R. LIPS, G. MARANTELLI, AND H. PARKES. 1998.Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with populationdeclines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. 95:9031–9036.BOYLE, D. G., D. B. BOYLE, V. OLSEN, J. A. T. MORGAN, AND A. D. HYATT.2004. Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis(Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using realtimeTaqman PCR assay. Dis. Aquat. Org. 60:141–148.GARNER, T. W. J., M. W. PERKINS, P. GOVINDARAJULU, D. SEGLIE, S. WALKER,A. A. CUNNINGHAM, AND M. C. FISHER. 2006. The emerging amphibianpathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introducedpopulations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biol.Lett. 2:455–459.HIJMANS, R. J., S. E. CAMERON, J. L. PARRA, P. G. JONES, AND A. JARVIS.2005 Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global landareas. Int. J. Climatol. 25:1965–1978.HYATT, A. D., D. G. BOYLE, V. OLSEN, D. B. BOYLE, L. BERGER, D. OBENDORF,A. DALTON, K. KRIGER, M. HERO, H. HINES, R. PHILLOTT, R. CAMPBELL,G. MARANTELLI, F. GLEASON, AND A. COLLING. 2007. Diagnostic assaysand sampling protocols for the detection of Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis. Dis. Aquat. Org. 73:175–192.KRIGER, K. M., F. PEREOGLOU, AND J. M. HERO. 2007. Latitudinal variationin the prevalence and intensity of chytrid (Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis) infection in eastern Australia. Conserv. Biol. 21:1280–1290.LIPS, K. R., F. BREM, R. BRENES, J. D. REEVE, R. A. ALFORD, J. VOYLES, C.CAREY, L. LIVO, A. P. PESSIER, AND J. P. COLLINS. 2006. Emerging infectiousdisease and the loss of biodiversity in a Neotropical amphibiancommunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103:3165–3170.PIOTROWSKI, J. S., S. L. ANNIS, AND J. E. LONGCORE. 2004. Physiology ofBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians.Mycologia 96:9–15.RON, S. R. 2005. Predicting the distribution of the amphibian pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the New World. Biotropica 37:209–221.SKERRATT, L. F., L. BERGER, R. SPEARE, S. CASHINS, K. R. MCDONALD, A.D. PHILLOTT, H. B. HINES, AND N. KENYON. 2007. Spread ofchytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction offrogs. EcoHealth 4:125–134.WALLS, J. G. 1994. Jewels of the Rainforest – Poison Frogs of the FamilyDendrobatidae. J.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey.WELDON, C., L. H. DU PREEZ, A. D. HYATT, R. MULLER, AND R. SPEARE.2004. Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus. Emerg. Infect. Dis.10:2100–2105.WOODHAMS, D. C., L. A. ROLLINS-SMITH, R. A. ALFORD, M. A. SIMON, ANDR. N. HARRIS. 2007a. Innate immune defenses of amphibian skin: antimicrobialpeptides and more. Anim. Conserv. 10:425–428.––––––, V. T. VREDENBURG, M. A. SIMON, D. BILLHEIMER, B. SHAKHTOUR,Y. SHYR, C. J. BRIGGS, L. A. ROLLINS-SMITH, AND R. N. HARRIS. 2007b.Symbiotic bacteria contribute to innate immune defenses of the threatenedmountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa. Biol. Conserv.138:390–398.<strong>Herpetological</strong> <strong>Review</strong>, 2008, 39(2), 202–204.© 2008 by Society for the Study of Amphibians and ReptilesResults of Amphibian Chytrid (Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis) Sampling in Denali National Park,Alaska, USATARA CHESTNUT*Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympic RegionEnvironmental and Hydraulic Services, Tumwater, Washington 98504, USAJAMES E. JOHNSONandR. STEVEN WAGNERDepartment of Biological Sciences, Central Washington UniversityEllensburg, Washington 98925 USA*Corresponding author: tarachestnut@gmail.comThe amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd) has been detected in amphibian populations along the northwestcoast of North America from Vancouver Island, British Columbia(Adams et al. 2008) north to the Kenai Peninsula (Reevesand Green 2006). However, Bd has not been detected in interiorAlaska in the Innoko or Tetlin National Wildlife Refuges (Reeves2008). The Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) is the only amphibianspecies that occurs in interior Alaska (Wright and Wright 1995)and is susceptible to Bd infection (Reeves and Green 2006; Ouelletet al. 2005). In 2006, we sought to determine if Bd occurred inWood Frogs in Denali National Park.Methods.—Denali National Park (DNP) is located in centralAlaska, approximately 183 km S of Fairbanks and 317 km N ofAnchorage in Denali Borough (63.97°N, 149.13°W), and covers2.4 million ha (Fig. 1). Three areas were surveyed for Wood Frogswithin the park boundary: Wonder Lake vicinity roadside andbackcountry, Teklanika River vicinity roadside, and along the roadsidebetween the park entrance and the Savage River.Known Wood Frog pond sites were surveyed in the Wonder Lakearea (Hokit and Brown 2006), and seven additional ponds with noWood Frog survey history were selected along the roadside in theTeklanika River vicinity and between the park entrance and theSavage River for their high traffic location. Surveys took placeduring a two-week period in August 2006 using standard techniques(Olson et al. 1997). Non-invasive techniques were used to202 <strong>Herpetological</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 39(2), 2008
ecover skin cells (Boyle et al. 2004;Retallick et al. 2006); each frog was stroked20 to 30 times on the abdomen, pelvic patch,inner thighs and in between toes or, in thecase of larvae, the oral disk was rubbed 5times in a circular motion with a sterile cottonswab. The swab was then placed individuallyin a 1.5 ml microfuge tube containinga DNA extraction buffer (Zolan andPukkila 1986) and stored at ambient temperature.All samples were processed twiceby JEJ using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assay to detect Bd (Boyle et al. 2004;Annis et al. 2004). Individual animals werehandled with clean latex gloves or a plasticbag inverted over the observers hand. Equipmentwas sprayed with a concentrated sodiumhypochlorite solution between eachsite. Malformed metamorphs were collected,preserved in a 95% ethanol solutionat ambient temperature and x-rayed by a veterinarianto determine if malformationswere due to injury or amputation (SummitIndustries, Innovet Classic, ModelLX125V).Results.—We found Wood Frogs at 20 of26 known sites near Wonder Lake (Fig. 1).Frogs were not found at additional sites searched between the Parkentrance and the Savage River or in the Teklanika vicinity, althoughthey were not previously known to be present and may notoccur at these sites. Thirty frogs were swabbed, 12 at roadsideFIG. 1. Denali National Park (DNP), Alaska, USA, and Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) Bd samplinglocations in the Wonder Lake vicinity.sites and 18 at backcountry sites up to 4.5 km from the road (Table1). No Bd was detected. Nearly 87% of the animals sampled werenewly metamorphosed. At one backcountry site, five (16%)metamorphs were malformed and had missing limbs, and threeTABLE 1. Bd was not detected in 30 wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) at Denali National Park, Alaska, USA, in 2006.Date Latitude Longitude Number Life Stage Condition Bd Detected?Observedof Animal(s)8 Aug 06 N63 26.960 W 150 52.169 1 Metamorph Normal No8 Aug 06 N63 26.248 W 150 53.979 7 Metamorph 4 Missing Limb, 3 Dead No9 Aug 06 N63 25.826 W 150 56.670 1 Metamorph Normal No10 Aug 06 N63 26.196 W 150 53.856 2 Adult Normal No10 Aug 06 N63 26.197 W 150 53.857 1 Metamorph Normal No11 Aug 06 N63 27.212 W 150 51.760 1 Metamorph Normal No12 Aug 06 N63 28.041 W 150 50.481 2 Metamorph Normal No14 Aug 06 N63 28.103 W 150 50.551 1 Metamorph Normal No14 Aug 06 N63 28.694 W 150 51.241 3 2 Metamorph, 1 Larvae Normal No14 Aug 06 N63 28.834 W 150 51.621 1 Metamorph Normal No14 Aug 06 N63 28.824 W 150 51.612 2 Metamorph Normal No14 Aug 06 N63 29.151 W 150 51.828 1 Metamorph Normal No14 Aug 06 N63 27.280 W 150 53.086 1 Adult Missing Limb No15 Aug 06 N63 27.279 W 150 51.806 1 Metamorph Normal No15 Aug 06 N63 27.371 W 150 53.327 1 Metamorph Normal No15 Aug 06 N63 27.485 W 150 53.706 1 Metamorph Normal No15 Aug 06 N63 27.652 W 150 53.528 1 Metamorph Normal No15 Aug 06 N63 27.646 W 150 53.402 2 Metamorph Normal No<strong>Herpetological</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 39(2), 2008 203
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HerpetologicalReviewVolume 39, Numb
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About Our Cover: Zonosaurus maramai
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Prey-specific Predatory Behavior in
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acid water treatment than in the co
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TABLE 1. Time-line history of croco
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The Reptile House at the Bronx Zoo
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FIG. 6. A 3.9 m (12' 11 1 / 2") Ame
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One of the earliest studies of croc
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TABLE 2. Dimensions and water depth
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we call it, is in flux.Forty years
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Feb. 20-25. abstract.------. 1979.
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yond current practices (Clarke 1972
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noting that Sphenomorphus bignelli
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ISSN 0018-084XThe Official News-Jou